Micro

the highest level in classification above kindgom

organism composed of one or more eukaryotic cells

Cell type characterized by a membrane bound nucleus

an organism or virus that multiplies only inside living cells

a non-living infectious agent consisting only of protein

single celled organisms consisting of a prokaryotic cell

cell type characteried by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus

a non living infectious agent consisting only of RNA

A non-living infectios agent consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

a subunit of protein

the basic unit of matter

a compound containing principally carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a tario of 1:2:1

a strong chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons.

the attraction between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and an electronegative atom in the same or another polar molecule

a compound that in not organic

an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more molecules

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

an organic molecule that is insoluble in water

a very large molecule usually consisting of repeating subunits

A macromolecule 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

the subunit of nucleic acids

A compound that has a carbon atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom

a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration or acidity of a solution on a scale from 0 to 14

a macromolecule consisiting of one or more chains of amino acids

a distinct thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microoganisms

movement of a cell toward or away from a certain chemical in the environment

a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell

an extraordinarily resistant dormant cell produced by some bacteria

 a type of structure used for cell movement

bacteria that has a cell wall characterized by a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane

bacteria that has a cell wall characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane

molecules that make up the outer layer of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

a macromolecule that makes up the outer layer of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

the gel-like material that fills the region between the cytoplasm membrane and the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

cell surface structures that allow cell to adhere to certain surfaces

extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

strucuture involved in protein synthesis

mechanisms used to transport nurtrients and other small molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane

polymer-encased community of mircooganisms

a culture medium composed of exact quantities of pure chemicals

A culture medium that contain protein digest, extracts, or other ingrediants

A culture medium with an ingredient that certain microoganisms change in a recongnizable way

stage in the growth curve during which cell divide at a constant rate

organism that grows best if O2 is available

the time it takes for a population to double in number

organism that requires molecular oxygen

organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

method to measure the concentration of viable cells by determining the number of colonies that develop from a sample added to an agar plate

a population descended from a single cell

a culture medium with an ingredient that inhibits the growth of microbes other than the one being sought

a disinfectant nontoxic enough to be used on skin

procedures that minimize the chance of unwanted microbes being accidently introduce

kills bacteria

prevents the growth of, but does not kill, bacteria

a chemical that destroys many microbes

kill microbes

brief heat treatment that reduces the number of spoilage organisms and destroys disease-causing microbes

process of inhibiting microbial growth to delay spoilage

completely free of all viable microbes

the destruction or removal of all microbes through physical or chemical means 

the energy currency of cells

processes that synthesize and assembles the subunits of macromolecules

processes that harvest energy released during the breakdown of compounds such as glucose using it to synthesize ATP

group of membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons from one to another

a protein that functions as a catalyst, speeding up a biological reaction

metabolic process that stops short of oxidizing glucose or other organic intermediate as a terminal electron acceptor

synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive force created by harvesting chemical energy

synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive forxe created by harvesting radiant energy

metabolic intermediate that can be either used to make the subunits of macromolecules or oxidized to genrate ATP

Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient

metabolic process that transfers electrons stripped from a chemical energy sourse to an electron transport chain

synthesis of ATP using the energy released in an exergonic chemical reaction during the breakdownof the energy source

Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration

a series of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acids

enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an existing strand as a template to make the complementary strand

duplication of a DNA molecule

the functional unit of the genome: it encodes a product, most often a protein

complete set of genetic information  in a cell or virus

type of RNA molecule translated during protein synthesis

Nucleotide sequence to which RNA molecule translated during protien synthesis

type of RNA molecule present in ribosomes

strucuture that facilitates the joining of amino acids during translation

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA using one strand of DNA as a template

the process that copies the information encoded by DNA into RNA

type of RNA molecule that acts as a key, interpreting the genetic code

the process that uses the info carried by mRNA to synthesize the encoded protein

a microoganism that requires an organic growth factor

mechanism of horizontal gene transfer i which the donor cell physically contacts the recipient cell

mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which the bacterial DNA is trasnferred as "naked" DNA

The sequence of nucleotides

process by which a cell replaces a stretch of DNA with a segment that has a similar nucleotide sequence

DNA transfer from one bacterium to another by conjugation

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's DNA that is then passed on to the daughter cells

DNA recombination that does not require extensive nucleotide sequence similarity in the stretches that recombine

The observed characteristics of a cell

an extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

a microoganism that does not require any organic growth factors

mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer i which bacterial DNA is transferred inside a phage coat

segment of DNA that can move from one site to another in a cell's genome

form of the cell or gene as it typically occurs in nature

technique used to determine which colonies on an agar plate contain a given nucleotide

procedure in whicha fragment of DNA in inserted into a vector and trasferred into another cell where it is replicated

a probe based technique used to study gene expression patterns

single stranded piece of DNA, tagged with a detectable marker, that is used to detect a complementary sequences

process of determing the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

technique used to detect a given nucleotide sequence within intact cells on a microscope slide

a procedure used to separate DNA fragments according to their size

deliberarely altering an organism's genetic information using in vitro

in vitro technique used to duplicate a specific region of DNA molecule, increasing the numbers of copies exponentially

DNA molecule created by joing DNA fragments from to different sources

type of enzyme that recongnizes a specific nucleotide sequence and then cuts the DNA within or near that site

DNA Molecule, often a plasmid, that functions as a carrier of cloned DNA