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Domain
the highest level in classification above kindgom
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eukaryote
organism composed of one or more eukaryotic cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Cell type characterized by a membrane bound nucleus
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obligate intracellular parasite
an organism or virus that multiplies only inside living cells
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Prion
a non-living infectious agent consisting only of protein
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Prokatyote
single celled organisms consisting of a prokaryotic cell
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Prokaryotic Cells
cell type characteried by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus
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Viriod
a non living infectious agent consisting only of RNA
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Virus
A non-living infectios agent consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
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Amino Acid
a subunit of protein
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Atom
the basic unit of matter
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Carbohydrate
a compound containing principally carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a tario of 1:2:1
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Covalent Bonds
a strong chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons.
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Hydrogen Bonds
the attraction between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and an electronegative atom in the same or another polar molecule
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Inorganic Compound
a compound that in not organic
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ion
an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more molecules
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Ionic Bond
a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions
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Lipid
an organic molecule that is insoluble in water
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Macromolecule
a very large molecule usually consisting of repeating subunits
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Nucleic Acid
A macromolecule 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
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Nucleotide
the subunit of nucleic acids
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Organic Compound
A compound that has a carbon atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom
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pH
a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration or acidity of a solution on a scale from 0 to 14
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Protein
a macromolecule consisiting of one or more chains of amino acids
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Capsule
a distinct thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microoganisms
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Chemotaxis
movement of a cell toward or away from a certain chemical in the environment
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Cytoplasmic membrane
a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell
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Endospore
an extraordinarily resistant dormant cell produced by some bacteria
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Flagellum
a type of structure used for cell movement
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Gram-Negative bacteria
bacteria that has a cell wall characterized by a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
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Gram-postive
bacteria that has a cell wall characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
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Lipopolysaccharide
molecules that make up the outer layer of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
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Peptidoglycan
a macromolecule that makes up the outer layer of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
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periplasm
the gel-like material that fills the region between the cytoplasm membrane and the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
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Pili
cell surface structures that allow cell to adhere to certain surfaces
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plasmid
extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
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Ribosomes
strucuture involved in protein synthesis
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Transport Systems
mechanisms used to transport nurtrients and other small molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane
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Biofilm
polymer-encased community of mircooganisms
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Chemically Defined Medium
a culture medium composed of exact quantities of pure chemicals
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Complex Medium
A culture medium that contain protein digest, extracts, or other ingrediants
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Differential Medium
A culture medium with an ingredient that certain microoganisms change in a recongnizable way
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Exponential Phase
stage in the growth curve during which cell divide at a constant rate
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Facultative Anaerobe
organism that grows best if O2 is available
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Generation Time
the time it takes for a population to double in number
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Obligate Aerobe
organism that requires molecular oxygen
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Obligate anaerobe
organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
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Plate Count
method to measure the concentration of viable cells by determining the number of colonies that develop from a sample added to an agar plate
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Pure Culture
a population descended from a single cell
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Selective Medium
a culture medium with an ingredient that inhibits the growth of microbes other than the one being sought
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Antiseptic
a disinfectant nontoxic enough to be used on skin
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Aseptic Technique
procedures that minimize the chance of unwanted microbes being accidently introduce
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Bactericidal
kills bacteria
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Bacteriostatic
prevents the growth of, but does not kill, bacteria
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disinfectant
a chemical that destroys many microbes
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Pasteurization
brief heat treatment that reduces the number of spoilage organisms and destroys disease-causing microbes
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Preservation
process of inhibiting microbial growth to delay spoilage
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Sterilant
completely free of all viable microbes
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Sterilization
the destruction or removal of all microbes through physical or chemical means
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
the energy currency of cells
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Anabolism
processes that synthesize and assembles the subunits of macromolecules
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Catabolism
processes that harvest energy released during the breakdown of compounds such as glucose using it to synthesize ATP
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Electron Transport Chain
group of membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons from one to another
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Enzyme
a protein that functions as a catalyst, speeding up a biological reaction
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Fermentation
metabolic process that stops short of oxidizing glucose or other organic intermediate as a terminal electron acceptor
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive force created by harvesting chemical energy
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Photophosphorylation
synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive forxe created by harvesting radiant energy
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Precursor Metabolites
metabolic intermediate that can be either used to make the subunits of macromolecules or oxidized to genrate ATP
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Proton Motive Force
Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient
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respiration
metabolic process that transfers electrons stripped from a chemical energy sourse to an electron transport chain
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
synthesis of ATP using the energy released in an exergonic chemical reaction during the breakdownof the energy source
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Terminal Electron Acceptor
Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration
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Codon
a series of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acids
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DNA polymerase
enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an existing strand as a template to make the complementary strand
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DNA replication
duplication of a DNA molecule
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Gene
the functional unit of the genome: it encodes a product, most often a protein
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Genome
complete set of genetic information in a cell or virus
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
type of RNA molecule translated during protein synthesis
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Promoter
Nucleotide sequence to which RNA molecule translated during protien synthesis
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
type of RNA molecule present in ribosomes
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Ribosomes
strucuture that facilitates the joining of amino acids during translation
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RNA polymerase
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA using one strand of DNA as a template
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Transription
the process that copies the information encoded by DNA into RNA
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
type of RNA molecule that acts as a key, interpreting the genetic code
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Translation
the process that uses the info carried by mRNA to synthesize the encoded protein
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Auxotroph
a microoganism that requires an organic growth factor
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Conjugation
mechanism of horizontal gene transfer i which the donor cell physically contacts the recipient cell
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DNA- mediated transformation
mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which the bacterial DNA is trasnferred as "naked" DNA
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Genotype
The sequence of nucleotides
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Homologous recombination
process by which a cell replaces a stretch of DNA with a segment that has a similar nucleotide sequence
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
DNA transfer from one bacterium to another by conjugation
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Mutation
a change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's DNA that is then passed on to the daughter cells
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Non-homologous recombination
DNA recombination that does not require extensive nucleotide sequence similarity in the stretches that recombine
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Phenotype
The observed characteristics of a cell
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Plasmids
an extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
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Prototroph
a microoganism that does not require any organic growth factors
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Transduction
mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer i which bacterial DNA is transferred inside a phage coat
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Transposon
segment of DNA that can move from one site to another in a cell's genome
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Wild Type
form of the cell or gene as it typically occurs in nature
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Colony Blotting
technique used to determine which colonies on an agar plate contain a given nucleotide
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DNA cloning
procedure in whicha fragment of DNA in inserted into a vector and trasferred into another cell where it is replicated
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DNA microarray
a probe based technique used to study gene expression patterns
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DNA Probe
single stranded piece of DNA, tagged with a detectable marker, that is used to detect a complementary sequences
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DNA sequecing
process of determing the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
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Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
technique used to detect a given nucleotide sequence within intact cells on a microscope slide
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Gel Electrophoresis
a procedure used to separate DNA fragments according to their size
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Genetic Engineering
deliberarely altering an organism's genetic information using in vitro
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Polymerase chain reaction
in vitro technique used to duplicate a specific region of DNA molecule, increasing the numbers of copies exponentially
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recombiant DNA
DNA molecule created by joing DNA fragments from to different sources
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restriction Enzyme
type of enzyme that recongnizes a specific nucleotide sequence and then cuts the DNA within or near that site
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Vector
DNA Molecule, often a plasmid, that functions as a carrier of cloned DNA
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