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What is a joint?
Site where two or more bones meet
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What is the function of a joint?
Provides stability and mobility
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What are the three types of joint structures?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
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What are each of the three types of functions in mobility?
- Synarthroses (Immovable)
- Amphiarthroses (Slightly movable)
- Diarthroses (Freely movable)
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What is a fibrous joint?
Bones joined by dense, fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity.
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What are the three types of fibrous joints?
- Suture
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
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Describe a suture and whether it is synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
- Joint held by short interconnecting fibers, and found only in the skull.
- Would be considered synarthroses.
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Describe a syndesmosis and whether it is synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
- Joint held by ligament and amount of movement depends on length of ligament.
- Would be considered amphiarthroses.
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Describe what the interosseous membrane is in a syndesmosis joint?
Flat, flexible ligament connecting the radius and the ulna in the forearm.
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Describe a gomphosis and whether it is synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
- Also known as "a peg in socket.”
- Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.
- Would be considered synarthroses.
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What is a cartilaginous joint?
Bones joined by cartilage, no joint cavity
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What are two types of cartilaginous joints?
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Describe synchondroses and whether it is synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
- Bones united by a bar or plate of articular (hyaline) cartilage.
- Most are immovable joints or synarthroses.
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Describe a symphisis and whether it is synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
- Bones united by fibrocartilage cushion and articular (hyaline) cartilage is also present.
- Allow a limited amount of movement or, amphiarthroses.
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What is a synovial joint?
Bones separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity, freely movable, most joints of the body.
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What are the five structures a synovial joint is composed of?
- Articular (hyaline) cartilage
- Joint cavity
- Articular capsule
- Synovial fluid
- Reinforcing ligaments
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What is the purpose of articular (hyaline) cartilage in a synovial joint?
Reduces friction, absorbs shock
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What does the joint cavity in a synovial joint contain?
Synovial fluid
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What are the two structures of the articular capsule?
- External fibrous layer
- Internal synovial membrane
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Which structure in the articular capsule is composed of dense, irregular CT and functions in tensile strength?
External fibrous layer
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Which structure in the articular capsule is composed of areolar CT and functions in secreting synovial fluid?
Internal synovial membrane
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What is synovial fluid and its purpose in a synovial joint?
Viscous, blood filtrate that contains hyaluronic acid and lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage.
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What are reinforcing ligaments and the three types?
- Surround joint to give it extra strength
- Three types are capsular (intrinsic), extracapsular, and intracapsular.
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Which type of the reinforcing ligament is the thickening of fibrous capsule to form a ligament?
Capsular (intrinsic)
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Which type of the reinforcing ligament are distinct ligaments outside capsule?
Extracapsular
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Which type of the reinforcing ligament are the distinct ligaments inside capsule (between fibrous layer and synovial membrane)?
Intracapsular
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What is a bursae and its function?
- Flattened bag “purse” of fibrous connective tissue, internal synovial membrane and synovial fluid
- Its function is to reduce friction during joint activity.
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What is a tendon sheath?
Elongated bursa along tendon
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What are some examples of synovial joints?
- Knee joints
- Shoulder
- Elbow
- Hip
- Temporomandibular
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What is joint hypermobility?
Joints that stretch farther than normal
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What are the four causes of joint hypermobility?
- Abnormally shaped bone ends
- Shallow joint socket
- Collagen defect (weak ligaments)
- Decreased muscle tone
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What are the three joints within the synovial cavity of the knee?
- Two tibiofemoral joints
- One femoropatellar joint
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What type of joint is the knee considered?
Hinge joint
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Where are the two tibiofemoral joints located?
- Lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of tibia
- Medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia
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Where is the femoropatellar joint located?
- Patella
- Patellar surface of femur
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What are the three structures of the extracapsular ligaments?
- PatellarFibular collateral ligamentTibial collateral ligament
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What structure of the extracapsular ligament is the continuation of the quadriceps tendon, attaches to tibia, and strengthens anterior aspect of joint?
Patellar
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What structure of the extracapsular ligament connects lateral condyle of femur to head of fibula and strengthens lateral aspect of joint?
Fibular collateral ligament
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What structure of the extracapsular ligament connects medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of fibula and strengthens medial aspect of joint?
Tibial collateral ligament
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What are the two structures of the intracapsular (cruciate) ligaments?
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- Posterior cruciate ligament
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What structure of the intracapsular ligament connects femur and tibia, limits hyperextension, and prevents anterior sliding of tibia on femur?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
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What structure of the intracapsular ligament connects femur and tibia and prevents posterior sliding of tibia on the femur?
Posterior cruciate ligament
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What type of joint is the shoulder considered?
Ball and socket
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How is the joint of the shoulder formed?
By the head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
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What does the shoulder joint contain?
Bursae and few ligaments
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What type of joint is the elbow considered?
Hinge joint
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How is the joint of the elbow formed?
By trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
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What type of joint is the hip considered?
Ball and socket
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How is the joint of the hip formed?
By head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone
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What is arthroplasty?
Surgical procedure of replacing damaged joints with artificial joints
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What are two types of arthroplasty?
Hip replacement and knee replacement
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What type of joint is the temporomandibular considered?
Hinge joint
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How is the joint of the temporomandibular formed?
By the condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
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What is arthritis?
Inflammation or degeneration of joints
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What are the two types of arthritis?
- Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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Which type of arthritis is the most common?
Osteoarthritis
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Which type of arthritis is a degenerative disorder of synovial joints in which cartilage is lost, bone ends become exposed and forms bone spurs?
Osteoarthritis
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What type of arthritis affects the larger joints first?
Osteoarthritis
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Which type of arthritis is an autoimmune disease affecting cartilage and joint linings, and inflames the synovial membrane?
Rheumatoid arthritis
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What type of arthritis affects the smaller joints first?
Rheumatoid arthritis
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