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How many minerals are needed for humans to survive?
16
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How much minerals we get from eating?
0.03%
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Non-renewable resource
A natural resource that cannot be re-grown or re-made at a scale comparable to its consumption
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5 criterion of minerals
- 1. Naturally occuring
- 2. Inorganic
- 3. Have known chemical compositions
- 4. Have definite physical properties
- 5. Solid
- 6. Most are crystalline
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Types of Nonrenewable mineral resources
- 1. Fossil Fuels
- 2. Metallic
- 3. Nonmetallic
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Types of Rocks
- 1. Igneous
- 2. Sedimentary
- 3. Metamorphic
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Types of Ores
- 1. High-grade ores
- 2. Low-grade ores
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3 types of Minerals
- 1. Energy Minerals
- 2. Metallic Minerals
- 3. Nonetallic Minerals
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Examples of Energy Minerals and their end use
- Coal gas, oil, uranium
- Electricity, transportation
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3 types of Metallic Minerals
- 1. Ferous
- 2. Precious
- 3. Base
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Example of Ferous Metallic Mineral and End use
- Iron ore, titanium
- Aerospace, engineering
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Example of Precious Metallic Mineral and end use
- Gold, platinium, silver
- Jewellery, industrial
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Example of Base Metal Minerals and end use
- Cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, zinc
- Construction, Engineering
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3 types of nonmetallic minerals
- Construction
- Industrial
- Precious
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Examples of Construction Nonmetallic Minerals and end use
- Bricks, Cement, Gypsum, Gravel
- Construction
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Examples of Industrial Nonmetallic Minerals and end use
- salt, sand, sulphur
- ceramics, steel, water treatment
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Examples of Precious nonmetallic minerals and end use
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Metals
Chemical elements that conduct electricity
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In nature, metals occur in the form of?
Minerals
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Ores
Minerals occuring in sufficient quantity and grade to be economically exploitable
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Most important metal in the world
Iron Ore
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Least important metal in the world
Bauxite
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Most minerals crystallise from
Magma or lava
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Molten Material
A liquid mixture of freely moving crystals
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How can water produce minerals?
By evaporation and chemical precipitation
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5 ways of Minerals formation
- Crystallisation from a melt
- Metamorphic Recrystallisation
- Evaporation
- Crystallisation as cement from flowng pore waters
- Crystallisation from hydrothermal fluids
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Crystallisation from a melt and example
- Crystalline interlocking texture so rarely euhedral
- quartz, feldspar, mica
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Metamorphic Recrystallisation
- Crystalline interlocking texture often with overgrowths
- calcite, garnet
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Evaporation
- Crystalline usually euhedral
- halite
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Crystallisation as cement from flowing pore waters
- Crystalline very fine grained and holds clasts together
- quartz, calcite
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Crystallisation from hydrothermal fluids
- Crystalline in veins and faults crystallises out from supersaturated fluids when cools
- gangue, quartz, calcite
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Environmental impact of using minerals
- High energy use
- Disturb land
- Erode soil
- Produce solid waste
- Pollute air, water, soil
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Why is mining relevant to development?
- Many developing countries depend on mining for more than half of their export income
- Ease of entry into mining
- Scale of revenues
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4 Mining methods
- Open pit mining
- Strip mining
- Contour strip mining
- Mountaintop removal
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3 Types of Mines
- Open-pit
- Strip Mining
- Underground Mining
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Open-pit mining 2nd cheapest
- Largest environmental impact
- Used when ore bodies lie near the surface
- Large hole exposes the ore body
- Waste rock is removed
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Strip Mining
- Cheapest
- Safest method
- The ore is close to the surface of the land but has one or more layers of rock and dirt on top of it
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Underground Mining
- Most expensive
- Most dangerous
- Least environmental impact
- Done when rocks, minerals or gemstones are too far underground to get our with surface mining
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Harmful effects of mining
- Disruption of land surface
- Subsidence
- Toxic-laced mining wastes
- Acid mine drainage
- Air pollution
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Harmful effects of removing metals from ores
- Smelting
- Toxic holding ponds
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Smelting
Air polluting by-products
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Substitutes for scarce mineral resources
- Materials revolution (ceramics and placstics)
- Limitations
- Recycle and reuse
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Solutions for sustainable use of nonrenewable minerals
- Do not waste mineral resources
- Recycle and reuse
- Reduce mining subsidies
- Slow population growth
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Industrial use of minerals
- Greenhouses
- Oil refinery
- Local farmers
- Area homes
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