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Once the endocrine cells has secreted the hormone, and the hormone is circulating in the blood, what are the 4 options for the hormones:
- excreted in urine or feces
- inactivated by metabolism
- target cells: bind to receptor and produce a cellular response
- activiated by metabolism
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hormones are substances released into the blood from ________________. the major transport system for hormones to target cells is :
hormones are substances released into the blood from endocrine glands. the major transport system for hormones to target cells is blood
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what are the 3 major types of hormone strucutre and synthesis:
- steroids: derived from cholesterol
- peptides: made up of amino acids
- modified amino acid hormones (amines): contain nitrogen
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describe the characteristics of steroid hermones:
- lipid soluble
- diffuse easily through cell membranes; receptors are located with cell
- chemical structure is derived from or is similar to cholesterol
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what are the 4 structures that secrete steroid hormones:
- adrenal cortex: secrete the steroid cortisol
- ovaries: secrete the steroid estrogen
- testes: secrete the steroid testosterone
- placenta: secretes estrogen
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what are the chacteristics of nonsteroid hormones (amino acid derivatives and peptides):
- nonlipid soluble
- cannot easily diffuse throught cell membranes; receptor located on cell membrane
- 2 types of nonsteroid hormones
- peptide hormone: insulin
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mediator of hormonal signals to DNA are called:
List and describe 2 types:
receptors
- peptide receptors:composed of amino acids
- rely on intracellular secondary messenger systems
- steroid receptorsfound on DNA inself
- allow more direct singla interactions
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Plasma levels of specific hormones fluctuate, describe 2 methods of control of hormone release:
- secretion is regulated by feedback systems
- cells can alter their number of hormone receptors via down- or up-regulation
- down regulationdecrease the # of cell receptors
- less hormones can bind to the cell and higher concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma
- up regulationincrease in # of cell receptors
- more hormone can bind to the cell and lower concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma
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describe the general fxn of the 3 feeback systems:
- negative feedback: secreted hormone acts to decrease its secretion from the gland; example- testosterone
- positive feedback: secreted hormone acts to increase its secretion from gland; example- oxytocin
- multiple feedback influences: redundant regulation of a vital process; example- several anabolic hormones single protein systhesis
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hormones are released from storage sites on mechanical, neural, or hormonal signals, what are the 3 types of hormones based on action:
- endocrine: secreted directly into the blood
- paracrine: released & acts on nearby cells; no transport in the blood
- autocrine: release & acts on the cell that released it
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circadian response patterns are sensitive to:
- light & dark cycles
- sleep patterns
- seasonal changes
- -some hormones start out low in the morning & peak over the course of the date
- -some hormones peak in the morning & then decline over the day
- -no clear evidence of optimal times of the day to train or compete
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list the endocrine glands that hormones are secreted from:
- hypothalamus and pituitary glands
- thyroid and parathyroid glands
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- testes and ovaires
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the hypothalamus controls secretions from the pituitary gland, list and describe the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus:
- GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- GHRH: growth hormone - releasing hormone
- SS: somatostatin
- TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone
- -the hypothalamus stimulates release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland by means of releaseing hormones or factors
- -provides hormones for release from posterior pituitary gland, as well.
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ACTH
name:
where it is released from:
what does it stimulate:
- name: adrenocorticotropic hormone
- released from: anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates: cortisol release from adrenal glands
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LH
name:
where it is released from:
what it stimulates:
- name: Luteinizing hormone
- released from: anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates: production of testosterone and estrogen
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TSH
name:
where it is released from:
what it stimulates:
- name: thyroid stimulating hormone
- released from: anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates: controls thyroid hormone release from the thyroid gland
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GH:
name:
where it is released from:
what it stimulates:
- name: growth hormone
- released from: anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates: IGF-1 in muscle responsible for muscle growth
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what are the fxns of GH:
- Essential growth of all tissuesamino acid uptake and protein synthesis
- long bone growth
- spares plasma glucosereduces the use of plasma glucose
- increases gluconeogenesis
- mobilizes fatty acid from adipose tissue
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what are the characteristics of IGF's
name:
hormone type:
major forms:
- name: Insulin-like growth factors
- hormone type: super family of peptides
- major forms: IGF-I, IGF-II
- secreted from cells in the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine releases
- have important anabolic actions for muscle & bone
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IGH's have 6 know binding proteins, with the following fxns:
describe the fxn of signals for protein synthesis:
- extend half-life of IGF's in circulation
- transport IGFs to target cells
- help modulate biological actions of IGFs
- signals for protein synthesissignaling system translates message in IFG-I to DNA
- exercise can stimulate IGF-I signaling mechanisms
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IGF characteristics in exercise response & adaptions:
- improved fitness results in increased resting IGF-I
- acute increases with exercise stress depend on:
- intensity & volume of exercise
- fitness level
- carbohydrate/protein intake
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GH increases during exercise to mobilize:
- free fatty acids from adipose tissue
- aid in the maintenance of blood glucose
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T3 and T4
Name:
From which gland is it secreted from:
Fxn:
- Names: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine
- Secreted from: thyroid gland
- Fxn: establishes the metabolic rate; permissive hormones- permit the full effect of other hormones
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Calcitonin
Where is it secreted from:
Fxn:
- Secreted from: the thyroid gland
- Fxn: regulation of plasma Ca+2; decrease Ca+2 concentration; blocks release from bone; stimulates excretion from kidneys
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PTH
Name:
Where is it secreted from:
What does it stimulate:
What are the 3 target regions of stimulation:
Regulated feedback:
- Name: parathyroid hormone
- secreted from: thyroid gland
- Stimulates: increased concentrations of calcium in the blood
- Target regions: bone, kidney, intestines
- Feedback: negative feedback system; increased calcium concentrations result in decreased production of the hormone
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ACTH
Name:
Where is it secreted from:
What' does it stimulate:
- Name: adrenocorticotropin
- Secreted from: anterior pituitary gland
- Stimulates: cortisol production; cortisol to be released from the adrenal glands
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This gland is called the "fight or flight" gland:
What is its main fxn:
Where is the gland located:
What are the 2 fxnal regions of the gland:
- "Fight or Flight" gland: adrenal gland
- Main fxn: designed to assist in the response to stress
- Located: on top of the kidney's
- Fxnal regions: adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
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Hormonal secretions from the adrenal cortex influence:
- High level performance
- Recovery from exercise stress
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What type of hormones do the adrenal cortex produce:
list the 3 categories of hormones secreted from the andrean cortex:
- Produces: steroid hormones, derived from cholesterol
- mineralcorticoids: a group of hormones that help regulate water balance and electrolytes (Na+ and K+); example-aldosterone
- glucocorticoids: aids in the regulation of plasma glucose; example - cortisol
- sex steriods: supports prepubescent growth; example - androgens and estrogens
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what are the methods by which cortisol aids in the maintenance of plasma glucose:
what is cortisol stimulated by:
- promotes pretein breakdown for gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from amino acids and lipids)
- stimulates FFA mobilization
- stimulates glucose synthesis
- blocks uptake of glucose into the cells (to promote the use of free fatty acids as fuel)
- all of this is done to conserve glucose, primary source of energy for brain/nervous system
stimulated by: stress via ATCH and exercise
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what type of hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla:
what kind of receptors do these hormones bind to:
what do the effects of hormones secreted by the adrean medulla depend on:
- secreted by adrenal medulla: catecholamines; epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine; fast acting hormones, part of the "flight or flight" response
- bind to: adrenergic receptors; alpha and beta
- effects depend on: the hormone used; receptor type
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list and describe the 2 pancreatic hormones:
- insulin: secreted when plasma glucose levels are elevated (hyperglycemia)
- glucagon: secrete when plasma glucose levels are below normal (hypoglycemia)
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list and describe the roles of the different cell types in the pancreas:
- beta cells: secrete insulin to lower blood glucose when high
- alpha cells: secrete glucagon to increase blood glucose when low
- delta cells: secrete somatostatin to inhibit release of insulin & glucagon
- PP cells: secrete pancreatic ploypeptides to inhibit release of pancreatic jucies
- *exercise decreases insulin & increases glucose in the blood
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insulin is secreted by the ___________ of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas and promotes the storage of _____, _____, and ____.
insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans inthe pancreas and promotes the storage of glucose, amino acids, and fats
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glucagon is secreted by ____ of the islets of langerhans in the pnacreas and promotes the mobilization of _______ and ______.
glucagon is secreted by alpha cells of the islets of langerhans inthe pnacreas and promotes the mobilizatin of glucose and fats
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testosterone
where is it released from:
what are testosterone's fxn as an anabolic steroid:
what are testosterone's fxn as an andrognic steroid:
effects of resistance training:
effects of endurance training:
- released from: testes
- anaboic steroid fxn: promotes tissue (muscle) building; preformance enhancement
- androgenic steroid fxn: promotes masculine characteristics
- resistance training: increases resting values
- enduracne training: results in no change or decrease
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estorgen and progesterone
where is it released from:
what are their fxns:
- released from: ovaries
- fxns: establish and maintain reproductive fxn
- levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle
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the peptide assiociated with "runners high" is called:
- beta- endorphin
- also associated with pain relief
- training adaptions appear to occur with sprint intervals
- levels increase in response to pain, trauma, exercise, and stress
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MSH:
name:
affects what structure:
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- affects: blood brain barrier for glucose, sucrose, and albumin
- impacts mental fxns such as memory, arousal & fear
- responsive to exercise stress
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catecholamines- epinephrine and norepinephrine
stimulated by:
effects that will be seen throught the body:
stimulated by: sympathetic nervous system to prepare your for immediate action
- effects seen thought the body:increase rate and force of heart contraction, blood pressure, and respiration
- increased metabolic rate, glycogenolysis, and release of glucose and FFA into blood
- allows more blood to go to the skeletal muscles
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which catecholamine may be important for force production:
epinephrine
higher intensity exercise results in higher concentrations
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what are the fxn of aldosterone:
- helps to regulate water balance and eletrolytes in blood
- signals kidney to retain sodium and secrete potassium
- increases blood pressure & volume, cause water retention
- influcences acid/base balance
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list the hormones that increase glucose metabolism:
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- cortisol
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list the hormones that increase fat metabolism:
- growth hormone
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- cortisol
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the most effect training program for an increase in human growth hormone is:
3 sets of 10 RM with 1 minute of rest in between
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