Behaviour #3

• Play behavior starts at day 1
• increases up to 3 weeks then declines
• solitary locomotory activities (scampering, dashing, belly flopping)
• Play fighting (akward positions)
• Important welfare indicator (not seen if animals are hungry, ill, stressed, or fearful)

absence of play is an important welfare indicator

• independence is gained anywhere between weeks to months
• learn from observing mother: feeding behaviors and sources
• dust bathing behavior and materials
• some reports of play early weeks
• aggressive pecking within weeks/months
• dominance hierarchy/unstable

No sometimes should wait until 5 weeks old

• 1. Prenatal
• 2.Neonatal (end of 2nd week post gestation)
• 3. socialization (3-8 weeks)
• 4. Juvenile (transition to adulthood at sexual maturity)  

• socialization to people 6-8 weeks of age
• after 8 weeks, less sociable
• early handling (2 weeks) not essential but should start by week 5 filia imprinting peaks 4-5 weeks
• sensitive period terminated by some internal event
• no evidence that socialization to humans impacts intraspecific socialization

• stand within 30 min
• sucking within an hour
• attracted to large objects with soft shelves
• recognize mother through olfaction
• recognize twin through oflaction

lambs are attracted to shapes and texture when they find the nipple. that's how they figure out what a teat is

form of learning with a specific stimulus animal gets fixated on

• prenatal- chemosensory (odours/tastes)
• neonatal period: 1-2 weeks
• transitional period: 2-3 weeks
• socialization period: 3-10 weeks (*this is MOST IMPORTANT in terms of behavior. learn about environment, littermates, play, avoidance and fear. weaning before this results in problem adults. human social contact)
• Juvenile period: 10 weeks to sexual maturity

• 1-2 weeks
• feeding, sleeping
• eyes & ears closed
• limited motor abilities and vocalizations

• ^{2-3 weeks}
• rapid neurological and physical change
• eyes open day 13
• ears open day 18-20
• urinate and defecate on own (before mother stimulated them)
• play fighting and tail wagging begins

• 3-10 weeks
• development of independence
• teeth erupt
• 7-8 weeks is the later part of sensitive period
• sensitive period rather than critical period
• learn about environment, litter mates etc..
• inappropriate socialization can lead to serious fear related problems

• 10 weeks to sexual maturity
• general behavior similar to socialization phase but more advanced and controlled
• rapid growth
• teeth replacement
• puberty. gradual process in males (4-8 months) female more dramatic onset with oestrus

• Jagoe serpell did a study on 737 dogs and found numerous factors:
• source: ie pet shop and shelters
• illness (as a puppy)
• inadequate or restricted socialization
• separation
• age of acquisition

Problems: dominance aggression, social fears, coprophagia (lots feces)

found dominance type aggression, aggression towards strangers, fear of strangers, fear of children

it was a correlational study as people just filled out a survey and didn't do an experimental study with dogs, separation related barking, abnormal sexual behavior, excessive barking

can result in an overly dependent and "human-socialized" dog

• time left alone
• 6-8 hrs lead to separation-related destructiveness
• difficult to interpret given natural history of dogs
• some breeds may be more sensitive than others

• developmental problems later on show up such as barking
• cause and effect is difficult to disentangle

an inexact term used to denote certain locomotor, manipulative and social behavior characteristics of young (and some adult mammals and birds under certain conditions in certain environments)

Play- because it is difficult to define and understand

• social play
• exercise
• exploration

• not all animals
• mostly mammals and some birds
• primarily ungulates, carnivores, and primates
• some in rats, little in mice

• **tricky because play almost by definition lacks and obvious immediate goal
• BUT IT IS IMPORTANT
• it can involve injury or increase the risk of predation
• refusal to play can have negative consequences
• many functions have been proposed: -development of physical, emotional, social skill (helps them to understand social structure and environment)
• - knowledge of prey species
• -knowledge of social structure
• -knowledge of environment
• -training for the unexpected

is a circular argument: the performance of adaptive behaviors should generally be pleasurable

• play is a key part of the behavior of many applied species
• -calves
• -piglets
• -foals
• -kittens
• -puppies

• at 4-12 weeks social play increases
• social play decreases after 16 weeks
• 8 weeks onward become more object oriented play
• early weaning results in a faster onset of play behavior (this suggests play is something kittens do for fun)

• Mother cats attack and eat prey in front of kittens
• attract kittens attention through vocalizations
• 4-8 weeks of age mother show kittens
• after 8 weeks mothers rarely kills nor eats prey- the mother interacts with it

• formulate hypotheses
• describe experiment
• variables measured
• predictions

• write both proximal and distal ideas
• ie:
• -hypothesis: cats are predators, hunt to show
• raise kittens without a mother- or interrupt play behavior (get specific). let kittens practice capturing prey. ID prey catch times.

• play
• -something the animal has to do but in poor welfare sometimes cant

• how an animal copes with conditions in which it lives
• ***Animal Welfare refers to the state of the animal
• so animal welfare is about the animal experience.
• ie emotional state, humane-husbandry care etc...
• So it is the STATE animal is in
• -if it eats food that doesn't necessarily mean its in good welfare

• Castration (sheep)
• "barren enviro" (pigs)
• hypoxia (rodents)
• inadequate food intake (deer and rodents)
• LPS rodents
• dehorning (calves) - if use NSAID have better behavior

• play running decreased remarkably in the week after weaning
• -play is a behavioral response: weaning is stressful so play behavior decreases

• -low milk intake
• -low E intale
• -early weaning
• -dehorning (esp without adequate pain control

acecelerometers are attached to a calfs leg and can show steps and distinguish between running and walking

• 12 controls
• 12 dehorned using sedative
• placed in pens 2 days b4 and 1 day after  with accelerometers attached
• scored duration of running, jumping, walking from a video
• measured and summed acceleration from acceleromter
• Results: calves that were dehorned showed a reduction in the duration of running and a reduction in the summed acceleration. there was no reduction in the duration of walking

• weaned 12 calves off milk at 10 weeks of age
• reduced the duration of running and summed acceleration during the week after weaning was complete

• the suppressive effects of dehorning and weaning were specific to running and did not reflect an effort on general activity
• neither dehorning nor weaning reduced the duration of walking
• the changes in summed acceleration following dehorning and weaning were not correlated with any changes in walking duration
• When data from the data from the 2 experiments were combined: the summed acceleration was correlated with the duration of running and the frequency of jumping/kicking but NOT the duration of walking

• CONCLUSION:
• locomotor play  in calves is reduced following dehorning and weaning off milk
• the amount of running calves do when placed briefly in a large enclosure reflects the effects of management practices on locomotor play
• measures of the summed acceleration from acceleromters attached to the calf's leg can estimate the duration of locomotor play of calves

• Function: attracts mates, deters rivals
• Needs to know species specific song: there's little point in attracting mates or deterring rivals of different species
• Dialects: some species' song changes with location (could this be evidence of learning?)

birds from any area sing the song heard in a sensitive period from hatching to 3 months of age

• Bird learning process:
• Birds are born with a crude template
• once they hatch they hear species specific songs around them
• memorization phase: attune to it- so they hear it and know what it is but don't sing it yet
• motor phase: bird tries o sing song- re adjusts their own song before they can get their species specific song right
• in the end they get their species specific song

• they keep the crude template
• but the rudimentary song is not the same

• a bird must hear itself sing for practice to be effective
• their song is all messed up

• Transmission of info by non-genetic means
• behavior is copied and passed on to others in group, no genetic changes involved
• inherited by non genetic means
• in humans, culture involves language
• (observed learning)

Blue tits pecking through foil of milk bottle tops: started in London in the 1920s and slowly spread throughout England

• sweet potato washing in Japanese Macaques
• -one started washing potatoes, then started washing them in salt water
• -tried rice: they picked up rice and the mud and threw it in the water so the rice floated and they could pick it out
• they have developed and eating culture

• Sweet potato washing
• = washing in sea water--> "seasoning" in sea water
• also = exposure to water as a tool (= grain separation and exposure to water as a tool {bathing})