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Gestalt
- an organized whole
- Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
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Figure-Ground
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
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Grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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Types of Grouping
- proximity
- similarity
- continuity
- connectedness
- closure
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Proximity
We group nearby figures together
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Similarity
We group similar figures together
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Continuity
We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
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Closure
We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object
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Depth Perception
the ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D
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Visual Cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
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Binocular cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
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Retinal Disparity
- a binocular cue for perceiving depth
- By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance--the greater disparity (difference) allows us to judge distance
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Monocular Cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
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Phi Phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
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Perceptual Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
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Color Constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
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Perceptual Adaptation
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
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Perceptual Set
a mental predisposition to perceive on thing and not another
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