In control systems theory, the comparator compares the ________ and the __________, and if they do not match, the comparator signals the __________.
actual input, reference input, action system
A kinesis is a ___________ movement in response to a stimulus, and a taxis is a ___________ movement in response to a stimulus.
random, directional
The main difference between fixed action patterns and reaction chains is that ___________.
the behavior sequence occurs in a rigid order in fixed action patterns, but it is more flexible in reaction chains
Abilities or behaviors that are found in all known human cultures are called ___________.
human universals
The second time a stimulus undergoes habituation, the time course of habituation is __________.
more rapid
More intense stimuli habituate ____________ than weaker stimuli.
more slowly
In opponent-process theory, with repeated stimulation, the _________ does not change, but the ________ starts earlier, becomes stronger, and lasts longer.
a-process, b-process
In drug addiction, the b-process appears as ________, whereas in parachute jumping, the b-process appears as ___________.
cravings and withdrawal symptoms, euphoria
Which of the following refers to a stereotyped pattern of movement of a body part that can be reliably elicited by presenting the appropriate stimulus?
(Behavior without thinking)
A. Tolerance
B. Reflex
C. Actual point
D. Tropism
Reflex
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fixed action pattern?
(Not a type of innate behavior)
A. The animal's ability to perform the behavior is not the result of prior learning.
B. Only mammals display this type of behavior.
C. The behavior occurs in a rigid order regardless of the context.
D. It is part of the behavioral repertories of all members of the species.
Only mammals display this type of behavior
This pattern of behavior resembles a fixed action pattern, but ethologists call this behavior:
(The hermit crab is an example of this type of behavior)
Reaction chains
According to Donald Brown (1991), behaviors that are found in all human culture is referred to as:
(List of human behavior)
Human universals
Which of the following is NOT a general principle of habituation?
(Properties which have been observed in human beings and other animals)
A. Effects of stimulus intensity
B. Effects of time
C. Space effects
D. Relearning effects
Space effects
To date, there are no technologies, which allow scientist to identify brain areas that are involved in habituation in humans.
(Neuropsychological studies often use these techniques)
False
According to Solomon and Corbit (1974), what underlies an individual's emotional response is called the a-process and b-process.
(Type of opponent process theory)
True
The second time a stimulus undergoes habituation, the time course of habituation is less rapid.
(Repeated presentation accelerates learning)
False
Scientists who study how animals behave in their natural environment are called ____.
(They are interested in innate and learned behaviors)
Ethiologists
The thermostat is an example of a fundamental concept in control systems theory called _____.
(It receives 2 types of inputs)
Comparator
The strategy of studying fairly primitive creatures, which have nervous systems that are less complex, is called ________.
(Dr. Eric Kandel work with Aplysia)
Simple systems approach
One study using _____ found habituation in many different parts of the brain in humans.
(Brain imaging technique)
FMRI
In control systems theory, the product of an action system is called:
Output
Which of the following is a receptor that serves as the comparators of the feedback system within the muscle?
A. Skin receptor
B. Bionic receptor
C. Retinal receptor
D. Stretch receptor
Stretch receptor
___refers to forced movements that require no intelligence or will on the part of the organism.
Tropism
A direct neuronal connection that involves just one synapse is called:
Monosynaptic Connection
A fairly specific stimulus that elicit a fixed action pattern
sign stimulus
A decrease in the effects of a drug with repeated use
tolerance
The strategy of studying fairly primitive creatures which have nervous systems that are smaller and less complex than other animals
simple systems approach
The transfer of habituation from one stimulus to a new but similar stimuli
generalization
Control system theory has
6 major concepts (e.g., comparator, reference input, actual input and disturbance), and how it serves as a model for understanding goal-directed behavior
A reflex is a form of
stereotyped pattern of movement which is supported by the spinal reflex arc via a feedback mechanism
Tropisms are grouped into two major categories:
Kineses and taxes
A fixed action pattern is
innate behavior in which movements are performed in an orderly sequence and can be characterized in several ways
Scientists use a number of techniques
(e.g., FMRI, PET) to support the claim that human beings are born with innate abilities
Habituation has several principles and it is viewed as
a useful type of learning
Many emotional reactions can be explained via
the opponent-process theory which state that the initial response is called the a-process and the opposing response which occurs later is called b-process.
A comparison between the actual state of the world and a goal state:
Used to explain goal directed behavior:
Home heating system
device that compares its goal state (reference input) and the current situation (actual input) and signals the action is necessary if the two are not equal
Comparator
goal state, not a physical entity but a conceptual one (temp)
Reference input
current situation, measures some actual physical characteristic of the present environment (air temp in the vicinity)
Actual input
what the output will be (on/off command of furnace)
Action system
product of action system (entry of warm air from radiator)
Output
other factors that can affect the actual input (open window)
Disturbance
Goal-directed behavior based upon
feedback system
The role of the comparator-reference and actual input comparisons
Control Systems Theory
Product of an action system is the
output
Something that an animal doesn't need to learn to do
innate
A stimulus elicited response (stereotyped)
Reflex
Viewed as an example of a feedback system
Reflex
The role of “stretch receptors” in the reflex feedback system
(actually moving your hand away)
Involuntary forced movement
Tropism
Types of tropisms
Kineses
Taxes
[nothing is guiding it] (random movement) [in relation to stimulus]
Kineses
(directed movement) [ants use the sun for guidance]
Taxes
(not learned but innate)
Complex Behavior: Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Part of the repertoire of all members of a species
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
The behavior Pattern is not learned
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Once it starts, it will continue to completion
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
triggered by sign stimulus
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
FAP
3 elements
-Part of a representation of all species
-Not a result of prior learning
-Must occur in a rigid order, once it starts it will continue to completion
Nut-burying behavior of squirrels (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975)
FAP
Territorial defense response of male stickleback (Tinbergen, 1951) fish
FAP
Laying egg behavior of an oyster catcher (bird)
FAP
They know it's not working for them and walk away
Reaction chains differ from FAP
If stimulus is not present, sequenced behavior will not occur
Reaction chains
Hermit Crab
May stop or skip steps if it's not working for them
Reaction Chains
More efficient, has more insight
Reaction Chains
Commonalities: language; children in all cultures babble
Watson and Pinker’s concept of the blank slate
One of the 1st to oppose Lock's Blank Slate
Watson and Pinker’s concept of the blank slate
Emotional responses and facial expressions
Innate Human Abilities and Predispositions
o (400)
o Abilities or bxs that all found in all human cultures
