Aristotle’s three principles of association were _________, ___________, and _____________.
contiguity, similarity, contrast
Never tested his theories
Aristotle’s Three Principles of Associations (Behaviorist)
5 sec. word association exercises
Aristotle’s Three Principles of Associations (Behaviorist)
An item often leads to the thought of its opposite
Contrast
Thought of one concept often leads to the thought of a similar concept
Similarity
The more closely together in space or time two items occur, the more likely the association
Contiguity
when complex ideas combine
Duplex ideas
This theory doesn't hold true
James Mills and Complex Ideas
2 or more __________are repeatedly presented together, a product of their union may be a ______
James Mills
simple sensations, complex idea
According to the British Associationists, experience consists of _____________ and memory consists of ______________.
simple sensations, simple ideas
Learning a poem after repeating it many times illustrates Thomas Brown’s principle of _________.
frequency
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve shows that the rate of forgetting in the first few minutes after studying is ____________ than the rate of forgetting a week later.
faster
Ebbinghaus tested the strength of backward associations by ____________.
learning a list in one order and later relearning it in reserve order
In communication in between neurons, a chemical transmitter is released by the ___________ of one neuron and received by the ____________ of another neuron.
axon terminals, dendrites
The “simple cells” in the visual cortex found by Hubel and Wiesel respond specifically to ___________.
lines of specific orientations
Three main types of changes that can occur in the brain as a result of a learning experience are _________, ____________, and ____________.
chemical changes, growth of a new synapses, growth of new neurons
1. Which of the following philosophers is considered to be the first associationist?
(His birth date is B.C.)
A. John Locke
B. Aristotle
C. Karl Lashley
D. Thomas Hobbes
Aristotle
The theoretical position that some ideas are innate and do not depend on an individual's past experience is called:
(Opposite from the notion of blank slate)
Nativism
According to James Mill (1829), repeated pairings of 2 or more sensations produce:
(Example: red and rectangular may form new idea called a brick.)
Complex ideas
Continuing to practice after performance is apparently perfect is called:
(Associated with Brown's principle of the effects of repetition)
Over learning
According to Thomas Brown (1820), the frequency of pairings directly affects the strength of an association.
(Overlearning is an example of this principle)
True
According to the single neuron doctrine of perception, the visual system is arranged in a hierarchy of increasing complexity, and at the highest level, neurons respond to very specific features of the stimulus.
(This finding supports Mill's theory of complex ideas.)
True
In humans, studies have shown that ___ or the branching of dendrites occurs in the first few years of life.
(Learning can alter brain structure)
Arborization
The growth of new neurons is called ____.
(Learning can influence this process)
Neurogenesis
Hubel and Wiesel found that ______ fire most often when the visual stimulus was a line of specific orientation, presented in a specific part of the visual field.
(Presentation of stimulus at a 45 degree angle)
Simple cells
Another name for the philosophical term "blank slate" is ________ .
(John Locke's reference to the mind of a newborn child)
Tabula rasa
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the strength of an association according to Thomas Brown?
A. Financial status
B. Emotional state
C. Health of the body
D. Prior habits
Financial status
To avoid using stimuli that had preexisting associations, Ebbinghaus invented:
Nonsense syllables
The term ____ refers to a small gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
Synapse
When Penfield stimulated small areas of the brain in his patients, who were anesthetized but awake, they reported:
Hearing music, Experiencing the sights of a circus, Vivid sensations
Continuing to practice after performance is apparently perfect.
Overlearning
The vividness of a sensation that affects the strength of an association according to Brown.
Liveliness
The combining of complex ideas from simple sensations.
Duplex ideas
The decrease in the number of repetitions needed to relearn the list.
Savings
The increase in the strength of excitatory synapses as a result of electrical stimulation, and the effects can last for weeks.
Long-term potentiation
Aristotle’s 3 principles of association were
contiguity, similarity, and contrast
The British Associationists believed that every person acquires knowledge through
experiences
The essences of Mill’s Theory of complex ideas is
the notion of a hierarchy
After repeated pairings of 2 sensations,
an association forms between their respective ideas
Thomas Brown (1820) added
9 more principles of associations
Herman Ebbinghaus (1885) was the first to
put the associationists’ principles to an experimental test
Neurons are specialized cells which function in
the transmission of information
The chemical transmitter released into the synaptic cleft causes
the post synaptic neuron to either fire or not fire
The receptors of the nervous system are
the only structures which make contact with the external environmental stimuli
Hubel and Wiesel (1965, 1979) found several different types of
feature detector neurons in the visual cortex that respond to more complex shapes or a line of specific orientation
The 3 main types of changes that can occur in the brain as a result of learning are
chemical changes, growth of new synapses, and neurogenesis
Thomas Brown's 9 Secondary Principles of Association are:
1) length of time
2) liveliness
3) frequently
4) recently
5) free from strong Association
6) constitutional differences
7) emotional state
8) state of the body
9) prior habits
2 sensations coexist together the more likely you'll see a relationship (driving to school)
Length of Time
Intensity to an emotional event (trauma) its more closely related; vividness
Liveliness
2 sensations have been passed recently
Frequently
Free from associations (meeting a group of people, remember only uncommon name)
Recently
1st time you meet someone their emotional
Emotional State
1st time they're drunk = drunk person from party
State of the Body
Smells/behaviors associated w/someone
Prior Habits
sensatios which are not linked to other associations, such as, if you meet someone with an uncommon name you are more likely to remember them.
Free From Strong Associations
other factors than can affect the strength of an association among different individuals
Constitutional Differences
who was the 1st to test his theories on himself
Ebbinhaus
avoid stimuli that had pre-esting associations
Ebbinghaus,
the use of nonsense syllables
nonsense syllables consits of
2 constraints seperated by a vowel
The decrease in the number of repetitions needed to relearn the list
The concept of savings
Confirmation of Brown’s Secondary Principles of Association
Frequency, recently
Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiments
Learning theory
Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiments
Correlation between list length and study time
Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings
Repetition strengthens the association
Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings
over time you know the material better
Overlearning
Rapid is immediate
Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings:
The Forgetting Curve
The further apart words are the harder it is to learn
Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings:
Association strength dependent upon proximity
Order still matters b/c of the order you learned it originally = doesn't work
Ebbinghaus’s Major Findings:
The concept of Backward Association
the longer the list,
the longer the time necessary to learn it
Nervous system of all creatures are composed of
neurons
The neuron consist of
cell body, dendrite, axon, transmitter, and synapse
branch like structure on the receptive side of neuron; is sensitive to transmitters released by the axon terminals of other neurons
Dendrites
long, branch like part of neuron that transmits electrical pulses when neuron is stimulated; releases chemical transmitters that stimulate the dendrites of other neurons
Axon
chemical released into the synapse by the axon terminals of a neuron
Transmitter
small gap b/w the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron into which transmitters are released
Synapse
specialized cells that transmit information
Neurons
receptive to chemicals called “transmitters” that are released by other neurons
Dendrites and cell body
produce excitation or inhibition in the postsynaptic cell
transmitters
reflects the combined influences of all its excitatory and inhibitory inputs
neuron’s firing rate
Transmission of information can
inhibit or excite a response
Specialized neurons designed to break down incoming stimuli into simple sensations
Receptors
Types of receptors (congruent to the 5 senses
o Tactile
o Taste
o Auditory
o Olfactory
o Visual
Work of Hubel and Wiesel (1965, 1979)
Complex Ideas
Simple Cells respond to lines at a 45-degree angles
