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The study of the Earth's surface and interior
Geology
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The study of the universe that the Earth is a part of
Astronomy
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The study of weather and the Earth's atmosphere
Meteorology
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The study of the earth's oceans
Oceanography
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Indicate the elevation of all the locations on a given map
Topographic Maps
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All rocks are composed of
Minerals
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Naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline, solid materials with definite chemical composition, molecular structure, and certain physical properties
Minerals
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Life processes
Digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, locomotion, immunity, coordination, and synthesis
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Metabolism
The sum of the energy used in all the life processes represents the metabolism of the organism
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Homeostasis
A state of balance or steady state between a living thing and its environment
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If an organism fails to maintain homeostasis, the result is
Disease or death
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Level of organization of cells from smallest to largest
Cells, tissues, organs, organ system, and whole organisms
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Single-celled organisms perform all of the life processes needed to maintain homeostasis by using
Organelles
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The cell theory
The cell is the unit of structure in all living things
The cell is the unit of function in all living things
All cells come from preexisting cells
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Prokaryotic cells
Lack a nucleus and other organelles. Include Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
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Eukarotic cells
Found in organisms from the domain Eukarya, which includes all protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
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Enzymes
Needed for the chemical reactions involved in cellular life processes to occur
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Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains DNA which directs the synthesis of proteins by the cell
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Mitochondrion
Carries on the process of cell respiration converting glucose to ATP energy the cell can use
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport channels within the cell
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Ribosome
Found on the endoplasmic reticulum and free within the cell
Responsible for the synthesis of proteins for the cell
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Cell membrane
Selectively regulates the materials moving to and from the cell
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Food vacuole
Stores and digests food
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Contractile vacuole
Found in many single celled aquatic organisms
Pumps out wastes and excess water from the cell
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Cell wall
Surrounds and supports plant cells
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Life processes
Digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, coordination, and immunity
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Digestion
Breakdown of food to simpler molecules which can enter the cells
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Circulation
The movement of materials within an organism or its cells
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Movement (locomotion)
Change in position by a living thing
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Excretion
Removal of cellular waste products by an organism (wastes may include carbon dioxide, water, salt, and urea and are released during exhalation, perspiration, and uring formation)
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Respiration
Process which converts the energy in food to ATP
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ATP
The form of energy which can be used by the cells
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Reproduction
THe making of more organisms of one's own kind -- not needed by an individual living thing but is needed by its species
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Immunity
The ability of an organisms to resist disease causing organisms and foreign invaders
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Pathogens
Disease causing organisms
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Coordination
The control of the various activities of an organism (mostly involved the nervous system and endocrine glands in complex animals)
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Synthesis
The production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances
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Neurotransmitters and hormones
Allow communication between nerve cells and other body cells as well
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DNA
Contains the instructions that direct the cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteins
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Recepter molecules
Allows cells and organs to communicate with one another
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Hormone
A chemical messenger with a specific shape that travels through the bloodstreaming influencing another target cell or target organ
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Dendrite
Neuron branch which detects stimuli
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Cyton
Cell body of the neuron where normal metabolic activities occur
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Axon
Longest dendrite covered by a myelin sheath which provides electrical insulation -- carries nerve message or impulse to the terminal branches
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Terminal branches
Release nerve chemicals called neurotransmitters which stimulate adjacent dendrites on the next neuron or a muscle cell
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