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Person
1960s
Processual / New Archaeology
Scientific, quantitative
Lewis Binford
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Person
19802
Post-processual / Interpretive Archaeology
Less method, more human agency
Ian Hodder
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Person
1949, Invented Radiocarbon dating
Willard Libby
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Person
Invented box-grid system
Vertical & Horizontal excavation
Mortimer Wheeler
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Person
Used military methods
Built survey techniques
Precision / Organized excavations
General Pitt-Rivers
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Person
Discovered Troy with Homer's Iliad
"Tyranny of the Text"
H. Schliemann
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Definition of Archaeology
Study of human past through material remains
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Definition of material remains
Artifact, ecofact, feature
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What archaeology covers
Everything, anytime if it's made or done by humans.
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Types of Anthropology (four primary fields)
- Linguistics
- Physical / Biological
- Cultural
- Archaeological
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The Leakey family found:
- Australopithecus boisei
- Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)
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Why Leakey's discovery was important:
Human origins in Africa, not Asia.
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Historical Archaeology v. Classical Archaeology
- Historical: Modern historic civilizations
- Classical: Ancient historic civilizations
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What is archaeometry?
Scientific techniques in Archaeology
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What is Geoarchaeology?
Using earth sciences to examine archaeological topics.
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What is zooarchaeology?
Examining faunal remains to study past human-faunal relationships.
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What is paleobotany?
Examining floral remains to study past human-botanical relationships.
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What is Cultural Resource Management?
Protection and management of cultural heritage; can be artifacts from a development site, etc.
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Person
Discovered archaeological relationship with stratigraphic layers
Excavated mounds
Thomas Jefferson
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Order of Archaeological Work (5 steps)
- 1) Site selection
- 2) Survey
- 3) Sensing
- 4) Sampling
- 5) Excavation
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Aerial Survey: Oblique v. Vertical Image
- Oblique: better for perspective (diagonal)
- Vertical: better for maps
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What is LIDAR?
- LIght Detection And Ranging
- Can be used for sites covered in vegetation
- Was used to find most Mayan cities
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What is a matrix?
The material in which the artifacts are found (surrounding soil, sediment, etc.)
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What is the Golden Rule of Preservation?
The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.
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What is "archaeological context"?
Artifacts, ecofacts, features; matrix; provenience; association (co-occurrence)
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What is provenience?
horizontal, vertical, 3D location of objects within the matrix
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What is taphonomy?
Study of organic remains pre-death, burial, decay, preservation.
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Typology based on 4 types:
- Morphological
- Functional
- Stylistic
- Temporal
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Person
Swedish botanist
Invented taxonomy system
Carl Linnaeus
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What is phylogeny?
Evolutionary history of a species (all ancestral species in a line)
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What is the Molecular Clock?
Calculates timing of split between lineages.
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Earliest primate - what period?
Eocene, 55 mya.
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Taxonomy of human?
Order > Superfamily > Family > Genus > Species
Primate > Hominoidea > Hominidae > Homo > H. sapien
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Nuclear v. Mt DNA?
- Nuclear: Inherited from both parents
- Mitochondrial: Maternal lineage.
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Period of split between human and chimpanzee?
Late Miocene
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Geological frame after dinosaurs (Jurassic Period, 199 mya)?
(145 mya > 65 mya > 2.6 mya)
Cretaceous Period > Tertiary Period > Quaternary Period
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Tertiary Period to Quaternary Period Epochs? (7)
Palaeocene > Eocene > Ogliocene > Miocene > Pliocene > Pleistocene > Holocene
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Egyptian archaeological site along the Nile, dating from Miocene?
Fayum Depression
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Hominin characteristics:
bipedalism, changes to skull, cognitive traits, brain mass larger than proportion to body mass
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