AP Psychology Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

every nongenetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes (23 from mom, 23 from dad)

complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two - creating two genetically identical organisms

twins who develop from seperate fertilized eggs - no more genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment

less alike that seperated identical twins

do not resemble (have less traits) of adoptive parents and more of thier biological parent's traits.

personality but parents influence attitudes, values, manners, faith, and politics

a person characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to a gene. ________ of a trait may vary, depending on a range of population and environment studied

% of an individuals personality or intelligence is inherited.

heredity as a source of differences becomes more important

work together - genes code for particular protien in response to environment

effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity)

nurture VIA nature

subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using priciniples of natural selection

principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to future generations

random error in gene replication that leads to a change

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

sex.

youthful appearance

healthy looking, mature, dominant, affluent

that increase the likelihood of sending ones genes into the future

shape and develop brain's neural connections

benefits premature babies and gets them to grow

in the early years.

changes over time. "use it or lose it"

those who do something tend to seek out others who have same behavior (those that smoke find friends that also smoke)

enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

understood rules for expected and accepted behavior, prescribe "proper behavior"

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification -in a new culture, sense of self would stay intact -self contained, private -easily move from place to place, job to job -short term relationships

giving priority to goals of ones group (often extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly -shy in new groups -embarrassed easily -deep, stable attachments to friends and family -relationships are long-term -interdependant

varies between cultures! -westerners=individualism -asian/africans=emotional closeness, school

very similar! 45/46 chromosomes are unisex!

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone -men more aggressive, possibly due to jobs (hunting, fishing, warring)

genetically by sex chromosomes and sex hormones -your sex determined by 23 pair of chromosomes

from mother, found in both men and women, females have 2, men have 1. one from each parent = female child

from father, found only in males, when paired with opposite chromosome from mother = male child

most important of the male sex hormones. both males and females have it, but additional amounts in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in fetus and development of male sex characteristics in puberty

child can develop male appearing gentitals. -until puberty child will act more "tomboyish"

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

set of expected behaviors for males and for females

ones sense of being male or female

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

humanity and individual differences

change with them

genes and environments.