-
environment
every nongenetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
-
behavior genetics
study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
-
chromosome
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes (23 from mom, 23 from dad)
-
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
-
genes
biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
-
genome
complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
-
identical twins
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two - creating two genetically identical organisms
-
fraternal twins
twins who develop from seperate fertilized eggs - no more genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment
-
seperated fraternal twins are...
less alike that seperated identical twins
-
Adopted children's personalities...
do not resemble (have less traits) of adoptive parents and more of thier biological parent's traits.
-
Genetics may influence...
personality but parents influence attitudes, values, manners, faith, and politics
-
temperament
a person characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
-
heritability
proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to a gene. ________ of a trait may vary, depending on a range of population and environment studied
-
You never can say what...
% of an individuals personality or intelligence is inherited.
-
As environments become more similar...
heredity as a source of differences becomes more important
-
genes and environment
work together - genes code for particular protien in response to environment
-
interaction
effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity)
-
NOT nature vs nurture...
nurture VIA nature
-
molecular genetics
subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
-
evolutionary psychology
study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using priciniples of natural selection
-
natural selection
principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to future generations
-
mutation
random error in gene replication that leads to a change
-
gender
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
-
men = obsessed with...
sex.
-
men attracted to...
youthful appearance
-
women attracted to...
healthy looking, mature, dominant, affluent
-
nature selects the behaviors...
that increase the likelihood of sending ones genes into the future
-
Experiences...
shape and develop brain's neural connections
-
Stimulation of touch or massage...
benefits premature babies and gets them to grow
-
Optimal brain development occurs...
in the early years.
-
Neural tissue...
changes over time. "use it or lose it"
-
selection effect
those who do something tend to seek out others who have same behavior (those that smoke find friends that also smoke)
-
culture
enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
-
norms
understood rules for expected and accepted behavior, prescribe "proper behavior"
-
personal space
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
-
individualism
giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification -in a new culture, sense of self would stay intact -self contained, private -easily move from place to place, job to job -short term relationships
-
collectivism
giving priority to goals of ones group (often extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly -shy in new groups -embarrassed easily -deep, stable attachments to friends and family -relationships are long-term -interdependant
-
Child rearing...
varies between cultures! -westerners=individualism -asian/africans=emotional closeness, school
-
males and females are...
very similar! 45/46 chromosomes are unisex!
-
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone -men more aggressive, possibly due to jobs (hunting, fishing, warring)
-
Gender influences may be influenced...
genetically by sex chromosomes and sex hormones -your sex determined by 23 pair of chromosomes
-
X-chromosome
from mother, found in both men and women, females have 2, men have 1. one from each parent = female child
-
Y-chromosome
from father, found only in males, when paired with opposite chromosome from mother = male child
-
testosterone
most important of the male sex hormones. both males and females have it, but additional amounts in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in fetus and development of male sex characteristics in puberty
-
If fetus exposed to extra testosterone...
child can develop male appearing gentitals. -until puberty child will act more "tomboyish"
-
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
-
gender roles
set of expected behaviors for males and for females
-
gender identity
ones sense of being male or female
-
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
-
social learning theory
theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
-
gender schema theory
theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
-
genes predispose both shared...
humanity and individual differences
-
as roles change over time, we...
change with them
-
we are products of our...
genes and environments.
|
|