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What are personality characteristics?
nonintellective aspects of human behavior
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what is working definition of personality?
relatively stable and distinctive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize an individual and his/her interactions with the environment
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personality) what are types?
- are general descriptions of people
- *classifications
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personality) are traits enduring or not?
yes
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personality) what are states?
emotional reactions that vary from one situation to another
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personality) what is self-concept?
is an organized, consistent set of assumptions person has about him/herself
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what two things can personality tests be used for?
diagnosis or for description
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what 2 forms can personality tests be administered?
projective and structured
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strategies of personality test construction) 2 things that describe deductive
-logical-content
-theoretical
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strategies of personality test construction) empirical
-criterion group
-factor analytic
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deductive strategies) what 2 things do they use to determine the meaning of a test response?
reason and logic
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deductive strategies) logical-content strategy- what is logic used for?
to deduce (draw a logical conclusion) the types of items needed to measure a particular construct
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deductive strategies) logical-content strategy- what 2 things does it assume?
-test item describes subjects personality and behavior
- -person answers honestly and knows the true answer
- *knows themself
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deductive strategies) theoretical strategy- how does a theretical strategy start off?
with a theory about the nature of the contruct to be measured
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deductive strategies) theoretical strategy- which items are deduced?
only the ones that must be consistent with the theory
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deductive strategies) theoretical strategy- what type of scale does it attempt to create?
homogenous scale
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empiraical strategies) what does it use to determine the meaning of a test response, a major personality dimesion, or both through measuring what is observed?
empirical research
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empirical strategies) criterion-group strategy- what 2 type of group of individuals are gathered? (2)
individuals who have the trait or construct and group of individuals who do not (control)
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empirical strategies) criterion-group strategy- which items are retained?
the ones that are reliably distinguish individuals from criterion from individuals in control group
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empirical strategies) criterion-group strategy- after retaining the items that were reliable, what is the next step?
cross validate the scale with new criterion and control groups
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empirical strategies) factor analytic strategy-all responses are correlated with one anohter creating..
clusters of responses that share common variance
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Logical content strategy) woodworth personal data sheet- why was it developed for?
- to identify military recruits likely to develop shell shock
- *world war I
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Logical content strategy) woodworth personal data sheet- what was this test really dependent on?
responses could be taken at the face vlaue of the item
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what are logical content strategy tests mainly used for?
screening devices
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what type of scales does it have?
validity
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what type of scale analysis is it?
score-pattern analysis
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what are the raw scores converted to?
- T-scores
- *mean of 50 and a SD of 10
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what was this orginally developed for?
to identify abnormal groups
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which is the most used personality test in general clinical practice currently?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what types of groups did they use for criterion groups?
psychiatric patients at the UNi. of MIn. hopsital
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what was the normative group amde up of?
families of patients waiting for diag. workups
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- hypochondriacs
preoccupied with the body and fears of illness
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- hysterics
- individuals with a strange physical symptom with no apparent cause
- *most were women
- ***many had multiple sclerosis
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- psychopathic deviates
adolescents arrested for misdeameanors
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- paranoids
people who beleived other were trying to harm them when evidence was absent
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- psychasthenics
people suffering from serious fatigue as well as guilt, anxiety, weakness, and chronic pessimism
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- hypomaniacs
individuals showing hyperactivity, euphoria, and or irritability, impulsivity, loss of judgement
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- masculinity-feminity
developed to identify homosexual men
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- what were they?
-social introversion
-masculinity-femininty
-hypomaniacs
-schizophrenics
-psychasthenics
-paranoids
-psychopathic deviates
-hysterics
-depressed
-hypochondriacs
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- validity scales- what were the L scale?
- naive faking good
- *lie scale
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- what were the F scale?
unusual content thought to reflect faking bad
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- divided into 8 groups- what were on K items?
- items that ditinguishes genuinely normal individuals from hospitalized patients with normal MMPI profiles
- *thought to measure subtle faking good
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what is one criticism of MMPI?
too many intercorrelations between the scales
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criterion group strategy) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory- what does factor analysis studies suggest about the results?
- it may be accoundted for by 2 general factors negative and positive affectivity
- *brings the pattern analysis in question
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criterion group strategy) California psychological inventory-thrid edition-what was this desigined for>
normal individuals
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criterion group strategy) California psychological inventory-thrid edition- does it have intercorrelations among scales or no?
yes
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criterion group strategy) California psychological inventory-thrid edition- for wht setting is this used for?
counseling settings
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factor analytic strategy) What did Cattell call source traits?
16 dinstinct factors that he felt accounted for all teh variables
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factor analytic strategy) what was wrong with Cattells long term test-retest coefficients?
not impressive
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theoretical strategy) how are items chosen for scales?
based on theoretical concepts that are proposed to underlie certain repsonse tendencies
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theoretical strategy) edwards personal rpeference schedule- what was this test based on?
- murrays system of needs and presses
- *motivational factors behind behavior
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theoretical strategy) personality research form and jackson personality inventory- what was this test based on?
Murrays system of needs and presses
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theoretical strategy) personality research form and jackson personality inventory- what is the JPI used for?
use for normal individuals from high school through adults
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theoretical strategy) personality research form and jackson personality inventory- what is the PRF designed for?
use in research
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theoretical strategy) millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III- what does this help assess?
DSM-IV personality disorders and clincial syndromes
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theoretical strategy) millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III- what is this test widely used for?
to measure adult psychopathology
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theoretical strategy) millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III- what does it assess the interaction of?
axis I and axis II disorders based on DSM-IV classification system
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theoretical strategy) millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III- what is one way the MCM-III is an anomaly?
theoretically developed and interpreted scale using empirically derived subscales
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combination strategies) NEO -PI-R- what was extraversion?
sociable and assretive as opposed to withdrawn and reserved
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combination strategies) NEO -PI-R- what is neuroticism
anxious and insecure vs calm and self confident
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combination strategies) NEO -PI-R- what was conscientiousness?
degree to which perservering, responsible, and organized vs lazy, irresponsible, and impulsive
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combination strategies) NEO -PI-R-what is agreeableness?
warm and cooperative vs unpleasent and disagreeable
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combination strategies) NEO -PI-R- what is oppenes to experience?
imaginative and curious vs concrete minded and narrow minded
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combination strategies) NEO -PI-R- what do they argue about these five traits?
they are the main aspects of personality and are genetically based
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combination strategies) NEO -PI-R- what is the 6th factor under consideration?
honesty and humility
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