World History Midterm

• Reigned from 1411-1375 BCE
• Imposed monotheism on Egypt
• Loved the sun god Anton
• Banned all other gods
• Amunhotep IV even changed his name to Akhenaton — ”one who serves Aton”.

• conquests brought many ‘eastern’ ideas further west
• Son of Phillip II
• (r. 336-323 BCE
• Crowned Pharaoh, the incarnate son of Amon-Ra
• was Shahanshah, the absolute ruler over a huge domain
• Conquered the roman empire

• Defeated Egypt
• was built around a warrior aristocracy who lived and died by the sword
• Mountains Of Skulls

• oldest known writing of its kind in the world.
• recounts the tale of Gilgamesh, a semi-divine king of ancient Sumer.
• connexion to the Flood narrative
• went on adventures

• Augustus (great / holy one);
• The Principate is the term for Augustus's (Octavian) rule, & lasted until 14 CE
• Octavian was a master politician, and his propaganda gained him control over Rome.
• founded the Roman Empire.

• Roman Peace-an extended period of prosperity and growth...
• The 'Golden Age' of the Augustan Principate instilled a sense of Roman values in the conquered territories.

• a period of 50 years with no Temple cult and no sacrifice to YHVH
• priesthood was confused & the line of David dethroned.
• The Deuteronomistic history was composed and the prophets justified the destruction of their home as a lesson from God...

• a code of morality and justice that sought strict order
• Bought about by Hammurabi
• There were 282 decrees, covering everything from crimes against the state to civil & business law
• There was no concept of imprisonment or forced labour; only retributional punishments.

The codified body of law under Justianian

• Parts of the "Justinian Code" include
• Code — laws and edicts from the time of Augustus on;

Digest — the record of jurisprudence

Institutes — a manual on legal principles;

Novels — new laws enacted by and after Justinian.

large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome typically worked by slaves.

• scribes pressed their characters into wet clay.
• This was then hardened into a very durable medium
• hieroglyphics = 'sacred carvings'
• Used by Egyptians

• first permanent structures of religious site 
• oldest was found in Turkey
• built by a nomadic hunter-gatherer society around 11,000 years ago

• emphasized practical aspects of life.
• Hellenistic thought mostly fit into four major schools:

Cynicism: founded by Diogenes: taught asceticism — divorce from material needs and desires. 

Epicureanism: founded by Epicurus; to attain the highest values in life, you had to avoid disturbances.

Stoicism: founded by Zeno of Cyprus; believed one should seek logical constraints on our behaviour.

Neoplatonism: saw the world as a series of progressive emanations from an ultimate source,

• the city-states of ancient Greece (made up of the city plus the surrounding hinterland)
• To be in another polis was to be a foreigner, deprived of rights.

• Zoroastrianism a dualistic faith.
• Two forces battling against each other good v evil
• Mazda- The god of zorastrianism

• was a peripatetic philosopher — he walked around asking questions of his students.
• answered questions with another question
• an ethical philosopher, concerned to find the right way to live.

• best and most famous of Socrates's students
• His notion of ‘ideal forms’ was a major influence on the theology of the monotheistic religions

• most famous student of Plato 
• was a realist & materialist, & took a naturalist view of the world
• He sought balance and harmony in life

ruled from 1312 to 1337, at the height of the Empire of Mali.

Early principles not agreed on

• Our DNA differs only 1.6 per cent from theirs.
• We branched off from their tree a while ago

• Nerva-when he took power, he looked for a successor from the beginning of his reign
• He then groomed & nurtured his choice, creating the concept of adoptive rule.

Trajan- launched provincial military campaigns and Rome expanded to its greatest political & geographic extent

Hadrian-a great patron of the arts, active in extending Roman culture, building theatres, etc

Antonius Pius-rule is often considered the height of prosperity and peace.

Marcus Aurelius- presided over the beginning of the disintegration of the empire

• earliest civilization to emerge in South Asia grew up along the Indus River.
• literate, as well as scientifically advanced.
• Harappan means first site unearthed

• 7,000 BCE to ~ 3,500 BCE
• the 'New Stone Age', was first named for tool refinements.
• Domestication & cultivation are two of the most significant human milestones in this period.

• (r. 559-530 BCE) 
• brought together the kingdoms of the Medes and Persians
• founded the Achaemenid Empire
• His conquest of Babylon was justified by claiming divine sanction:
• Cyrus Cylinder, one of the most effective bits of political propaganda ever devised.

• (r. 522-486 BCE)
• valiant Darius slew this usurper and protected the throne.
• set in place many elements of the Persian system.
• This included the Royal Road and the world's first postal system.
• divided the massive empire into provinces called Satrapies

A promise made between God and man.

A term from Greek culture which means that the men hung out with men and woman hung out with men

• male head of the household
• had absolute power

• one of the first peoples to make effective use of iron in war.
• Hittite edicts emphasized restitution
• they preferred diplomacy to outright force, Diplomacyc seeking formal alliances & negotiated surrender