Biology and Enzymes

Motor proteins use ATP as a source of energy for movement . Made up the head hinge and tail. the walking analogy the ground is the filament, your leg is the head and you hip is the hinge.

• 1.Motor protein carries cargo along the filament
• 2.Filaments move
• 3.Bending the filament

Lipids, Proteins and carbohydrates

regions are physically embedded in bilayer. Across

Amino acid is covalently linked to a lipid

lipids can also aggregate if they are strongly associated with one another, high amount of cholesterol, unique set.

• 1. Length of fatty acid tail- shorter tails are less likely to react creating more fluidity 
• 2. Double Bonds- create a kink making it harder for the in interact 
• 3.Cholerterol- can stabilize the membrane

• In eukaryotes, the _cytosol_ and _endomembrane system_ work together to synthesize lipids
• Fatty acid building blocks are made via
• enzymes in the cytosol or taken into cells from food
• Process occurs at cytosolic leaf of the _Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Requires no input of energy and goes down or with the gradient

diffusion of a solute through a membrane with out a transport protein

diffusion of a solute through a membrane with the help of a transport protein

Requires input of energy and goes up or against gradient

Equal water and solute concentration on either side

Soulte concentration is higher and water concentration is lower

The solute concentration is lower and the water concentration is higher.

Water diffuses through the membrane from an area where there is more water to where there is less water

Shrinking of a cell- water goes out

Swelling and bursting of a cell- water goes in

• 1.Channels
• 2.Transproter

Forms an open passageway, for direct diffusion of ion or molecules

Known as carriers, use conformational change like a pocket

• 1. Uniporter 
• 2.Cotransporter or Sympoter
• 3.Antiporter

Transports a single ion or molecule

Two or more ions transported in the same direction

Two or more ions transported in the opposite direction.

is a process for moving items that are outside of the cell into the cytoplasm of the cell.

is a process for moving items from the cytoplasm of the cell to the outside.

not spontaneous, takes energy in and is positive free energy change

Is spontaneous, a release of energy and has a negative free energy charge

Breaking down- Exergonic

Synthesis of molecule- Endergonic

Removal of electron

addition of an electron

Breaks down proteins using Ubiquitin “tags” that target improperly folded proteins

Contain hydrolyses to break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates

Consists of a series of catabolic and anabolic process in order to reproduce.

Molecules bind to the active site inhibiting the ability for the substrate to bind

Binds to allosteric site