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absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
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amino acids
building blocks of proteins released when proteins are digested
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amylase
enzyme secreted by salivary glands and pancreas for digestion of carbohydrate
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anus
terminal opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
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appendix
blind pouch hanging from the cecum
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bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. it emulsifies fat. Composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
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bilirubin
pigment released by the liver in bile
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canine teeth
pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors. also called cuspids
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cecum
first part of the large intestine
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colon
portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments
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common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. also called the choledochus
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defecation
elimination of feces form the digestive tract through the anus
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dentin
primary material found in teeth, covered by enamel in the crown and cementum in the root
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digestion
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
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duodenum
- first part of the small intestine
- duo = 2
- den = 10
- duodenum is 12 inches long
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elimination
act of removal of materials from the body
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emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. this increases the surface area that enzymes can act upon
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enamel
hard, outermost layer of a tooth
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enzyme
- chemical that speeds up a reaction
- names end in -ase
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esophagus
- tube connecting the throat to the stomach
- eso = inward
- phag/o = swallow
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fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested
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gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile
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glycogen
starch; glucose is stored int the form of glycogen in liver cells
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hydrochloric acid
substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion
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ileum
third part of the small intestine
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incisor
any one of four front teeth in the dental arch
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insulin
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
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jejunum
second part of the small intestine
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lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary for digestion of fats
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liver
- large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen.
- secretes bile; stores sugar, iron and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out red blood cells; filters out toxins
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lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
- ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach.
- also called cardiac sphincter
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molar teeth
- sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
- premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth
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pancreas
organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
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papillae
small elevations on the tongue
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parotid gland
- salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
- par = near
- ot = ear
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peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs.
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pharynx
throat, common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
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portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
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protease
enzyme that digests protein
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pulp
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
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pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum
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pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
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rectum
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
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rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
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saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands. saliva contains the enzyme amylase
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salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
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sigmoid colon
fourth and last, s-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum
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sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
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stomach
- muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.
- parts are the fundus, body and antrum
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dent
- tooth
- r
- combining vowel - i
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bilirubin
- bilirubin (bile pigment)
- r
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chezia
- defecation, elimination of wastes
- s
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anorexia
lack of appetite
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ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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borborygmus
gurgling produced by gas and/or fluid in the GI tract
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constipation
difficulty in passing stool
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melena
feces containing digested blood
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steatorrhea
fat in the feces, frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
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aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers
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dental caries
cavity; tooth decay
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oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
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periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
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achalasia
failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax
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esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
- GERD
- solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
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peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
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anal fistula
- abnormal, tube-like passageway near the anus
- usually results from a fissure or from an abscess
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colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
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pedunculated polyp
polyp attached to the membrane by a stalk
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sessile polyp
polyp sitting directly on the mucus membrane
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Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
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diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon
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diverticulitis
when fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula, inflammation can occur
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dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
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hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
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ileus
loss of perstalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
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intussusception
telescoping of intestines
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irritable bowel syndrome
- IBS
- group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation), but without abnormalities in the intestines
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volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
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cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
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biliary colic
pain from blocked bile ducts
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