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What is active immunization?
stimulation of immune response to challenge w/ immunogen
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How is active immunization crossed?
- naturally through diease
- admistered by health care worker
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What is passive immunization?
transfer of preformed Ab to recipient
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What does passive immunization include?
IgG fraction from placenta of donors
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How does passive immunization cross?
naturally across the placenta
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In passive immunization was in injected?
- Purified Ab/serum
- serum containing Ab (antiserum)
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What is the specific sera called in passive immunization?
hyperimmune globulin
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What kind of protection is passive immunization?
rapid temp protection
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When is passive immunization given?
post-exposure prophylaxis to botulism, tetnusm diphtheria, Hep A&B, measles, and rabies
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What else can can passive immunization be given for?
also done for snake and insect bites
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What is the risk of passive immunization?
- type III hypersensitivity rxn
- Ag-Ab complexes cause activation of complement
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Active-Natural
natural exposure to Ag induces IR and now has immunity
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Active-artificial
- deliberate exp to Ag induces IR
- ex imms of children
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Passive-natural
trasnfer of Ab and gives temp immunity through the placenta/milk
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Passive-atrificial
- Ab in immune serum are injected
- rabies immune globulin given after dog bite
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Vaccine
prep of microbe used to induce artificial active immunity
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What is Herd immunity?
immunity of critical portion of population (40%?)
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How does herd immunity occur?
naturally or through vaccines
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What is a vaccine composed of?
living or inactivated microbe
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What cells do some vaccines involve?
cell-mediated Th1
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What other kind of reponse can occur with vaccines?
some potentiate secondary humoral response
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What are the tpyes of vaccines?
attenuated and inactivated
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Attenuated
live but not pathogenic
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What do attenuated vaccines do?
- trigger cell-mediated response
- gives her immunity (inffects nonvaccinated)
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Inactivated
- whole agent, subunit, both req boosters
- no herd immunity
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What makes vaccines effective?
safe, long lasting, induces specific Abs/immune cells, low cost, stable, east to administer
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What do attenuated (live) vaccines do?
- results in undectable disease
- long lasting immunity
- cant cause disease
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What are the vaccines that are attenuated (live)
- MMR, oral Sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever
- ?BCG, Francisella
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What are the negative affects of inactivated (killed) vaccines?
- not lifelong
- humoral, not cell-mediated
- no local IgA response
- req booster shots
- large doses
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What are the types of inactivated (killed) vaccines?
- killed
- subunit
- peptide/polysaccaride
- toxoid
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Examples of inactivated vaccines (killed)?
anthrax, cholera, salk polio, pertussis, rabies, influenza
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Examples of inactivated vaccines (subunit)?
Hep B
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Examples of inactivated vaccines (kpeptide/poly)?
HiB, Pneumococcus, meningococcus, new HPV
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Examples of inactivated vaccines (toxoid)?
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How are inactivated (killed) vaccines given?
- given with adjuvant
- boosts immunogenicity
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New vaccine for HPV?
women 9-26 y/o
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What types of HPV serptypes?
6, 11, 16, 18
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How is the protein subunit for the recombinant vaccine for HPV made?
protein subunits made by genetically-engineered microbe
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When is HPV contraindicated?
persons allergic to yeast
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What are there no vaccines for?
Malaria, influenza, syphilis, Strep, pyogenes, cold viruses, HIV, Herpes, Hep C
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