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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
free association
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
psychoanalysis
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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
unconscious
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To understand the mind's dynamics during this conflict, Freud proposed three interacting systems: the...
id, ego, and superego
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The ______ operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
id
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the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The _______ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
ego
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the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
superego
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the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
psychosexual stages
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the psychosexual stages are:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing
oral
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pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
anal
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pleasure zone in the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
phallic
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dormant sexual feelings
latency
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maturation of sexual interests
genital
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methods that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
defense mechanisms
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanisms that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories for consciousness
repression
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psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
regression
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ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. For example, people may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex
reaction formation
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diagnose their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
projection
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offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
rationalization
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shift sexual or aggressive impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirection anger toward a safer outlet
displacement
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seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Rorschach Inkblot test
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the process of fulfilling our potential
self-actualization
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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
psychological disorder
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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 and of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
anxiety disorders
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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, uneasy, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situtation
phobia
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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
antisocial personality disorder
-
disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair one's social functioning
personality disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
mood disorders
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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
major depression disorder
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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
mania
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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
bipolar disorder
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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
schizophrenia
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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
psychotherapy
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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
psychoanalysis
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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
resistance
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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
interpretation
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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
transference
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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
client-centered therapy
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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy
active listening
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
social psychology
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
social loafing
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
deindividuation
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
groupthink
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a unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
prejudice
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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
stereotype
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or it's members
discrimination
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Prejudice is __________; Discrimination is __________
attitude; behavior
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
bystander effect
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