Psychology 2

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

To understand the mind's dynamics during this conflict, Freud proposed three interacting systems: the...

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The ______ operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The _______ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

the psychosexual stages are:

pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

pleasure zone in the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

dormant sexual feelings

maturation of sexual interests

methods that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanisms that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories for consciousness

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. For example, people may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex

diagnose their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

shift sexual or aggressive impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirection anger toward a safer outlet

seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

the process of fulfilling our potential

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 and of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, uneasy, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situtation

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair one's social functioning

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

a unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or it's members

Prejudice is __________; Discrimination is __________

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present