Zoology Test

• •protoplasmic
• •cellular
• •tissue
• •organ
• •organ system

The study of tissue.

Endoderm - internalorgans

mesoderm - muscle, connective

ectoderm - skin, nervous

two embryonic layers

three embryonic layers

• *Non-symmetrical or none
• *Spherical
• *Radial -
• *Bilateral

• anterior/ posterior top/bottom
• dorsal/ ventral back/front
• medial/ lateral inside/outside
• distal/ proximal tip/joins

• acoelomate - no coelom (cnidiarians, flatworms)
• pseudocoelomate - false coelom (roundworms)
• eucoelomate - true coelom (annelids, all more complex animals)

Cephalization

goes back to the 6th Century BC.One of the more famous historical scientists was Aristotle. He was the first zoologist to use the scientific method

the scientific study of animals.

Plantae, Animaila, Fungi, Monera, Protista

Rotifer 0.01 inch

Blue whale, 100 feet in length

Multi

eukaryotic

a similarity often attributable to common origin

One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome

The genetic makeup

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism

The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms

the statement that allele frequencies in a population remain constant over time, in the absence of forces to change them

The evolutionary formation of new biological species, usually by the division of a single species into two or more genetically distinct ones.

Random fluctuations in the frequency of the appearance of a gene in a small isolated population

• There are seven characteristics
• Chemical uniqueness
• Exhibit complex hierarchical organization
• Reproduction
• Possession of a genetic program
• Metabolism
• Development
• Environmental interaction

• states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be
• transformed from one form to another

states that physical systems tend to proceed toward a state of greater disorder (entropy)

Latin meaning knowledge.

• Science isn’t art
• Science isn’t “technology” (science doesn’t need technology)
• Science isn’t truth and it isn’t certainty
• Science isn’t religion or a religion
• Scholasticism was more deductive than the induction that modern science uses

• 1.Science is guided by Natural Law
• 2.Scientific knowledge is explained based on Natural Law thus Supernatural explanations are not of science
• 3.Scientific knowledge must be testable by the Scientific Method
• 4.Conclusions in science are never Final
• 5.Conclusions are Tentative
• 6.Scientific knowledge is Falsifiable

• •Physical, chemical and biological laws developed through Scientific Method
• •“Nothing is sacred”

a well-substantiated explanation that incorporates facts, laws, inferences and tested hypotheses. physical world behaves

a testable statement that can be used to build inferences and explanations

• 1.Make observations
• 2.State a question about your observations
• 3.Formulate a hypothesis (or a null hypothesis) to explain observations
• 4.Test hypothesis
• 5.Conclusion – if the hypothesis is rejected or accepted will guide conclusions
• 6.Publish findings for other researchers to continue work

Study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment.

coined term Ecology in 1866

Greek word “oikos” means house

• –Species
• –Population
• –Community
• –Ecosystem
• –Biome
• –Biosphere

Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

•group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area.

an assemblage of different populations that live together

Collection of organisms that live in a place with the nonliving environment

Group of ecosystems with the same climate and dominant communities

The part of the earth where life exists including land, water, air, and atmosphere

Place or set of environmental conditions where a particular organism lives. (= address)

Role a species plays in a biological community (e.g. large grassland herbivore) [= job]

Broad niche

Narrow niche

Generalists usually win

Competition between members of different species.

Competition among members of the same species.

the nonliving things in an environment (sunlight, weather, climate, fire, soil conditions, etc.)

all the living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment (organisms and their biproducts, disease, parasitism, predation, etc.)

If one bacterium grew without limit for a month… the colony would weigh as much as the visible universe and would expand at the speed of light

study of birth, death, and movement rates that give rise to population changes

• •Succession – community(s) in transition
• •Edge Effects – effects of habitat boundaries
• •Climax community – reached stable stage
• •Carrying capacity or “K” -

• •Mutualism (+/+)
• •Commensalism (+/0)
• •Amensalism(-/0)
• •Parasitism or predator/prey (+/-)
• •Competition (-/-)

•Introduced species

•Changes in the predator population follow that of the prey

make their own food so they are called PRODUCERS

get their food from another source so they are called CONSUMERS

only eat plants

only eat meat

Eat plants and meat

Feeds on plant and animal remains

steps of organisms transferring energy by eating & being eaten

network of all the food chains in an ecosystem

-relative number of individuals at each trophic level

• •Biogeochemical Cycles:
• –Bio –life
• –Geo – Earth
• –Chemo – chemical

1.WATER CYCLE

• 2.NUTRIENT CYCLES:
• a)CARBON CYCLE
• b)NITROGEN CYCLE
• c)PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

• 4 PROCESSES MOVE CARBON THROUGH ITS CYCLE:
• 1)Biological
• 2)Geochemical
• 3)Mixed biochemical
• 4)Human Activity

• Nitrogen-containing nutrients in the biosphere include:
• 1)Ammonia (NH3)
• 2)Nitrate (NO3-)
• 3)Nitrite (NO2-)
• ORGANISMS NEED NITROGEN TO MAKE AMINO ACIDS FOR BUILDING PROTEINS!!!

PHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT LIFE-SUSTAINING MOLECULES (ex. DNA & RNA)

• •There are more than 1.5 million identified species, but there may be 2-50 million total species! There are ~10,000 discovered each year!
• •We need a naming system to assign a unique and universal name to each organism and to place organisms into groups that have biological meaning.

• •Carolus Linnaeus
• •published the Systema Naturae

•study of the principles of scientific classification, systematic ordering and naming of organisms

•the assignment of a distinctive name to a species

two (often) Latin or Greek names for an organism

the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms

He classified animals as:–Land Dwellers –Water Dwellers or –Air Dwellers

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

• •Homology
• •Ancestral
• •Derived
• •Phylogeny

•Common descent

•Smallest distinct grouping

•Reproductive community

“…irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other such groupings and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.” (emphasizes common descent)


A phylogenetic tree is more specific than a cladogram, with added information explaining any evolutionary relationships.

• •Kingdom Monera
• •Kingdom Protista
• •Kingdom Plantae
• •Kingdom Fungi
• •Kingdom Animalia

•blastula has spiral cleavage

• A- the protozoans.
• B- the unicellular algae.
• C- the multicellular algae
• D- the slime molds.. (not mentioned in your text book)

• 200,000 to millions of species?
• Eukaryotic
• Most are unicellular, some in colonies
• Most have locomotive structures
• –flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
• Vary in shape and size
• Typically inhabit water or soil

are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food.

heterotrophs.

vacuoles

• •Amoeba
• •Cilia
• •Flagella
• •Apicomplexa

• 1.Unicellular – single (usually) eukaryotic cell
• 2.Mostly microscopic.
• 3.All symmetries are present (bilateral, radial, spherical or asymmetrical)
• 4.No germ layer present (no tissues)
• 5.Contains intracellular specialization or division of labor within the cell involving the organelles.
• 6.Different lifestyles represented. Free living, mutualism, commensalisms and parasitism all represented.
• 7.Locomotion by: pseudopodia, flagella, cilia and direct cell movements. Some are sessile. (Know the different types of locomotion.)
• 8.Most are “naked”, but some have a simple endoskeleton or exoskeleton.
• 9.Different method for acquiring nutrition: autotrophic, heterotrophic or saprozoic.
• 10.Occur in aquatic or terrestrial habitats.
• 11.Asexual reproduction by fission, budding and cysts. Sexual reproduction by conjugation or syngamy.

Motile feeding stage

& can be spread by insect vectors

• An infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people.
• The natural reservoir for the infectious agent is an animal.

active feeding stage

Spread by blood-sucking insects that serve as intermediate hosts

Spread by tsetse flies

Kissing bug is the vector

female sand flies that require a blood meal to produce eggs

• Incites dysentery, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea & weight loss
• Carried by 10% of world population

• All members are parasitic
• Their apical complex makes them unique

Phylum Porifera

Grade Parazoa (includes Sponges)

• Class Calcarea
• Class Hexactinellida
• Class Demospongiae

Calcium carbonate spicules, 3-4 rays, all chamber types, small

Glass sponges, deep sea, small, six rayed siliceous

80% of all sponges, freshwater, siliceous spicules and/or spongin, all leuconoid

• Ostia
• Oscula
• Choanocytes

(cover exterior surface)

(collar cells)

(ameboid cells in mesohyl)

gelatinous “connective material"

• Increases in complexity
• •Asconoid
• •Syconoid
• •Leuconoid

• •Calcareous
• •Siliceous
• •Spongin