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Describe Animal Complexity
- •protoplasmic
- •cellular
- •tissue
- •organ
- •organ system
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What is Histology?
The study of tissue.
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Name the Tissue types
Endoderm - internalorgans
mesoderm - muscle, connective
ectoderm - skin, nervous
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How many layers of diploblastic tissue are there?
two embryonic layers
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How many layers of triploblastic tissue are there?
three embryonic layers
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What is animal body Symmetry?
- *Non-symmetrical or none
- *Spherical
- *Radial -
- *Bilateral
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What are some of the Body regions? (mostly applied to bilateral animals)
- anterior/ posterior top/bottom
- dorsal/ ventral back/front
- medial/ lateral inside/outside
- distal/ proximal tip/joins
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What are the different Body cavities? (only triploblastic animals)
- acoelomate - no coelom (cnidiarians, flatworms)
- pseudocoelomate - false coelom (roundworms)
- eucoelomate - true coelom (annelids, all more complex animals)
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Segmentation
Cephalization
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Zoology History
goes back to the 6th Century BC.One of the more famous historical scientists was Aristotle. He was the first zoologist to use the scientific method
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What is Zoology
the scientific study of animals.
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five kingdoms
Plantae, Animaila, Fungi, Monera, Protista
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smallest animal
Rotifer 0.01 inch
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largest animal
Blue whale, 100 feet in length
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Animals are _______cellular
Multi
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Animals (also plants, fungi, protozoans) contain __________ cells
eukaryotic
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Homology
a similarity often attributable to common origin
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•Allele
One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome
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•Genotype
The genetic makeup
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Phenotype
The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism
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Gene pool
The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
the statement that allele frequencies in a population remain constant over time, in the absence of forces to change them
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Speciation
The evolutionary formation of new biological species, usually by the division of a single species into two or more genetically distinct ones.
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Genetic drift
Random fluctuations in the frequency of the appearance of a gene in a small isolated population
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What is life?
- There are seven characteristics
- Chemical uniqueness
- Exhibit complex hierarchical organization
- Reproduction
- Possession of a genetic program
- Metabolism
- Development
- Environmental interaction
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Law of conservation of energy
- states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be
- transformed from one form to another
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
states that physical systems tend to proceed toward a state of greater disorder (entropy)
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scientia
Latin meaning knowledge.
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What is not Science?
- Science isn’t art
- Science isn’t “technology” (science doesn’t need technology)
- Science isn’t truth and it isn’t certainty
- Science isn’t religion or a religion
- Scholasticism was more deductive than the induction that modern science uses
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Science
- 1.Science is guided by Natural Law
- 2.Scientific knowledge is explained based on Natural Law thus Supernatural explanations are not of science
- 3.Scientific knowledge must be testable by the Scientific Method
- 4.Conclusions in science are never Final
- 5.Conclusions are Tentative
- 6.Scientific knowledge is Falsifiable
- •Physical, chemical and biological laws developed through Scientific Method
- •“Nothing is sacred”
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Theory
a well-substantiated explanation that incorporates facts, laws, inferences and tested hypotheses. physical world behaves
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Hypothesis
a testable statement that can be used to build inferences and explanations
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Scientific method
- 1.Make observations
- 2.State a question about your observations
- 3.Formulate a hypothesis (or a null hypothesis) to explain observations
- 4.Test hypothesis
- 5.Conclusion – if the hypothesis is rejected or accepted will guide conclusions
- 6.Publish findings for other researchers to continue work
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What is Ecology
Study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment.
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Ernst Haeckel
coined term Ecology in 1866
Greek word “oikos” means house
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Levels of Organization
- –Species
- –Population
- –Community
- –Ecosystem
- –Biome
- –Biosphere
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Species
Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
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Population
•group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area.
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Community
an assemblage of different populations that live together
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Ecosystem
Collection of organisms that live in a place with the nonliving environment
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Biome
Group of ecosystems with the same climate and dominant communities
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Biosphere
The part of the earth where life exists including land, water, air, and atmosphere
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Habitat
Place or set of environmental conditions where a particular organism lives. (= address)
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•Ecological Niche
Role a species plays in a biological community (e.g. large grassland herbivore) [= job]
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•When generalists and specialists collide who wins?
Generalists usually win
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Interspecific
Competition between members of different species.
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Intraspecific
Competition among members of the same species.
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Abiotic
the nonliving things in an environment (sunlight, weather, climate, fire, soil conditions, etc.)
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Biotic
all the living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment (organisms and their biproducts, disease, parasitism, predation, etc.)
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Intrinsic rate of increase or “r”
If one bacterium grew without limit for a month… the colony would weigh as much as the visible universe and would expand at the speed of light
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Demography
study of birth, death, and movement rates that give rise to population changes
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Ecological processes
- •Succession – community(s) in transition
- •Edge Effects – effects of habitat boundaries
- •Climax community – reached stable stage
- •Carrying capacity or “K” -
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Species interactions
- •Mutualism (+/+)
- •Commensalism (+/0)
- •Amensalism(-/0)
- •Parasitism or predator/prey (+/-)
- •Competition (-/-)
•Introduced species
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Predator-prey dynamics
•Changes in the predator population follow that of the prey
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Autotrophs
make their own food so they are called PRODUCERS
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Heterotrophs
get their food from another source so they are called CONSUMERS
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Herbivores
only eat plants
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Omnivores
Eat plants and meat
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Detritivores and Decomposers
Feeds on plant and animal remains
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Food Chain
steps of organisms transferring energy by eating & being eaten
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Food Web
network of all the food chains in an ecosystem
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Pyramid of Numbers
-relative number of individuals at each trophic level
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How does Matter move through an ecosystem?
- •Biogeochemical Cycles:
- –Bio –life
- –Geo – Earth
- –Chemo – chemical
1.WATER CYCLE
- 2.NUTRIENT CYCLES:
- a)CARBON CYCLE
- b)NITROGEN CYCLE
- c)PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
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CARBON CYCLE
- 4 PROCESSES MOVE CARBON THROUGH ITS CYCLE:
- 1)Biological
- 2)Geochemical
- 3)Mixed biochemical
- 4)Human Activity
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NITROGEN CYCLE
- Nitrogen-containing nutrients in the biosphere include:
- 1)Ammonia (NH3)
- 2)Nitrate (NO3-)
- 3)Nitrite (NO2-)
- ORGANISMS NEED NITROGEN TO MAKE AMINO ACIDS FOR BUILDING PROTEINS!!!
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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
PHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT LIFE-SUSTAINING MOLECULES (ex. DNA & RNA)
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Why give animals names??
- •There are more than 1.5 million identified species, but there may be 2-50 million total species! There are ~10,000 discovered each year!
- •We need a naming system to assign a unique and universal name to each organism and to place organisms into groups that have biological meaning.
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1st to classify animals
- •Carolus Linnaeus
- •published the Systema Naturae
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Taxonomy
•study of the principles of scientific classification, systematic ordering and naming of organisms
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Nomenclature
•the assignment of a distinctive name to a species
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Binomial nomenclature
two (often) Latin or Greek names for an organism
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classification
the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms
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Aristotle’s system
He classified animals as:–Land Dwellers –Water Dwellers or –Air Dwellers
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The seven major taxonomic categories
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- species
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Taxonomic Characters and Phylogeny
- •Homology
- •Ancestral
- •Derived
- •Phylogeny
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What determines a species?
•Common descent
•Smallest distinct grouping
•Reproductive community
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Phylogenetic
“…irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other such groupings and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.” (emphasizes common descent)
A phylogenetic tree is more specific than a cladogram, with added information explaining any evolutionary relationships.
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The Five Kingdoms
- •Kingdom Monera
- •Kingdom Protista
- •Kingdom Plantae
- •Kingdom Fungi
- •Kingdom Animalia
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Protostome
•blastula has spiral cleavage
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The Kingdom Protista is (sometimes) divided into four major groups, not technical divisions but instead grouped by lifestyle:
- A- the protozoans.
- B- the unicellular algae.
- C- the multicellular algae
- D- the slime molds.. (not mentioned in your text book)
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Protista
- 200,000 to millions of species?
- Eukaryotic
- Most are unicellular, some in colonies
- Most have locomotive structures
- –flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
- Vary in shape and size
- Typically inhabit water or soil
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Plant like protista
are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food.
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Animal-like and fungus-like protists and are
heterotrophs.
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All protozoa digest their food in stomach-like compartments called
vacuoles
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Examples of protists
- •Amoeba
- •Cilia
- •Flagella
- •Apicomplexa
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Characteristics of Protista
- 1.Unicellular – single (usually) eukaryotic cell
- 2.Mostly microscopic.
- 3.All symmetries are present (bilateral, radial, spherical or asymmetrical)
- 4.No germ layer present (no tissues)
- 5.Contains intracellular specialization or division of labor within the cell involving the organelles.
- 6.Different lifestyles represented. Free living, mutualism, commensalisms and parasitism all represented.
- 7.Locomotion by: pseudopodia, flagella, cilia and direct cell movements. Some are sessile. (Know the different types of locomotion.)
- 8.Most are “naked”, but some have a simple endoskeleton or exoskeleton.
- 9.Different method for acquiring nutrition: autotrophic, heterotrophic or saprozoic.
- 10.Occur in aquatic or terrestrial habitats.
- 11.Asexual reproduction by fission, budding and cysts. Sexual reproduction by conjugation or syngamy.
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Trophozoite
Motile feeding stage
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Some are animal parasites
& can be spread by insect vectors
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Zoonosis
- An infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people.
- The natural reservoir for the infectious agent is an animal.
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trophozoite
active feeding stage
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Hemoflagellates
Spread by blood-sucking insects that serve as intermediate hosts
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Trypanosoma brucei
Spread by tsetse flies
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Trypanosoma cruzi
Kissing bug is the vector
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Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis transmitted among mammalian hosts by
female sand flies that require a blood meal to produce eggs
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Entamoeba histolytica
- Incites dysentery, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea & weight loss
- Carried by 10% of world population
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Apicomplexan Protozoa
- All members are parasitic
- Their apical complex makes them unique
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Sponge taxonomy
Grade Parazoa (includes Sponges)
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Sponge taxonomy
- Class Calcarea
- Class Hexactinellida
- Class Demospongiae
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Class Calcarea
Calcium carbonate spicules, 3-4 rays, all chamber types, small
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Class Hexactinellida
Glass sponges, deep sea, small, six rayed siliceous
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Class Demospongiae
80% of all sponges, freshwater, siliceous spicules and/or spongin, all leuconoid
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Pinacocytes
(cover exterior surface)
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Choanocytes
(collar cells)
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Archaeocytes
(ameboid cells in mesohyl)
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Mesohyl
gelatinous “connective material"
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Canal systems
- Increases in complexity
- •Asconoid
- •Syconoid
- •Leuconoid
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Skeletons/Spicules
- •Calcareous
- •Siliceous
- •Spongin
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