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Etiology
Causation; the study of causes; specifically disease
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Etiopathic
Relating to specific lesions concerned with the cause of a disease
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Epidemiology
The science of epidemics and epidemic diseases
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Morbid
Refers to a diseased state and in psychology refers to abnormal or deviant
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Nosology
The classification of diseases
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Ontology
The study of the evolutionary development of the species
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Psychopathology
Psychiatry; the science that deals with the pathology of the psyche or mind; the science of mental disorders
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Taxonomy
- 1. The classification of various plants and animals
- 2. Systematic classification or orderly arrangement
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Reliability
The capacity of individuals to agree on the same diagnosis given the same information.
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Validity
Whether or not the diagnostic criteria are good (valid) indicators of the presence or absence of a particular disease
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What does cortex mean?
Surface; often used to refer to cerebral cortex
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What does the term 'cerebrum' encompass?
Both hemispheres, plus subcortical
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The hindbrain & midbrain =
Brain Stem
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Limbic & Cerebrum =
Forebrain
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What does limbic mean?
Border
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What controls motor activity?
Cerebellum
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What is the function of the brain stem?
Essential automatic functions; breathing, sleeping, moving
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What system is responsible for the hairs on your arm standing up?
Limbic
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What type of memory is associated with the amygdala?
Implicit and body memory
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What part of the brain is essentially a smoke detector?
Amygdala
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What type of memory is associated with the hippocampus?
Explicit
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Without the ____, you wouldn't remember what you had for lunch yesterday.
Hippocampus
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Parkinson's is due to problems with ______?
The basal ganglia
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What part of the brain is concerned with keeping you safe?
Basal ganglia
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OCD, hoarding, excessive hand washing are attributed to this brian structure:
Basal ganglia
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The cerebral cortex is made up of 4 lobes. Name them
Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal
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Which lobe is involved with the planning of movements, recent memory and some aspects of emotions?
Frontal lobe
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Which lobe is involved with body sensations?
Parietal lobe
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Which lobe is involved with hearing and advanced visual processing?
Temporal lobe
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Which lobe is involved with vision?
Occipital lobe
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Which hemisphere is involvedwith language, verbal and cognitive processes?
Left
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Which hemisphere is non-verbal and associated with perceiving the world, visual-spatial and emotional behavior?
Right
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Which portion of the brain contains 80% of all neurons?
Cerebral Cortex
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What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
Orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals
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It is the job of the ______ to put a damper on signals that come from the amygdala.
Prefrontal cortex
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What part of the brain is the "affective core"?
Right orbitofrontal cortex
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What part of the brain is involved with social adjustment and the control of mood, drive and responsibility, traits that are crucial in defining the "personality" of an individual?
Right orbitofrontal cortex
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What brain structure shuts down signals from the amygdala?
Right orbitofrontal cortex
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What brain structure is involved with war vets "shutting down"?
Right orbitofrontal cortex
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The glands of what system produce hormones?
Endocrine
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What does HPA axis stand for?
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
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What are the structures of the HPA Axis?
Hypothalamus, pituitary glands and adrenal glands
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What happens when the HPA Axis senses stress?
- Pituitary signals the adrenal gland to release epinephrine (adrenaline)
- and cortisol
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The adrenal glad releases these chemicals when stressed:
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol
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What signals the adrenal gland to release epinephrine and cortisol?
the Pituitary Gland
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What is a neuron?
A brain cell, or cell in the nervous system.
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What is a neurotransmitter?
Chemical used by neurons to send signals to each other.
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What is a vesicle?
A chamber in a neuron, which stores neurotransmitter molecules. Some neurotransmitters are synthesized inside vesicles, while others are synthesized elsewhere in the neuron, and piped into vesicles for storage.
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What is a synapse?
The gap between the signal-transmitting region (an axon terminal) of one neuron, and the signal-receiving portion (receptors) of an adjacent neuron.
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What is monoamine oxidase?
A family of enzymes (chemicals that break down other chemicals) that metabolize (destroy) neurotransmitters.
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What is dopamine?
Dopamine is typically identified as the neurotransmitter most directly associated with pleasure. "Pleasure" includes emotions such as joy, and more physically-oriented sensations such as sensuality, libido, and sexual pleasure.
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Dopamine is a precursor to...
Norepinephrine
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What is Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)?
A "message-altering"neurotransmitter. It is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and regulates the transmission of signals in the brain.
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What is Glutamate?
An excitatory neurotransmitter.
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What is the most common neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
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What is Norepinephrine?
A neurotransmitter most directly associated with energy, meaning the feeling of vigor, and capacity for physical labor. It is also associated with the ability to concentrate.
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What is Serotonin?
The neurotransmitter most directly associated with calmness and general feelings of well-being.
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Problems involving this neurotransmitter may cause severe emotional disturbance, such as dramatic over-sensitivity to disappointment, extreme melancholia, and feelings of worthlessness.
Serotonin
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DA is short for what neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
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Early antipsychotic medications block ______ receptor sites
Dopamine
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____ is similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Dopamine
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This is associated with outgoing, pleasure seeking behavior.
Dopamine
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Opposite of GABA
Glutamate
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GABA stands for
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
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This inhibits a variety of behaviors and emotions, reduces anxiety
GABA
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_____ is abbreviated NE
Norepinephrine
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This neurotransmitter is a part of the endocrine system
Norepoinephrine
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Beta blocker drugs block one type of _____ receptor sites
Norepinephrine
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This neurotransmitter influences emergency response
Norepinephrine
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Most antidepressant meds target this neurotransmitter
Serotonin
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Low levels of this neurotransmitter are associated with impulsivity and tendency to overreact
Serotonin
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What is Axis I?
Clinical Disorders/Symptoms
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What is Axis II?
Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
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What is Axis III?
General Medical Conditions
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What is Axis IV?
Psychosocial and environmental functioning
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What is Axis V?
Global Assessment of Functioning
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For which Axis would the following questions be asked:
What is the focus of treatment going to be?
Why are they in your office?
What will you be working on with them?
Axis I
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For which Axis would the following questions be asked:
What are relationships like?
How do you relate to the world, self, others?
Axis II
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For which Axis would the following questions be asked:
How big of a problem is this?
What has this looked like in the past?
Axis V
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What are the "factors" of the Five Factor Model?
- Neuroticism (v. Emotional Stability)
- Extroversion (v. Introversion)
- Openness to Experience (v. Closedness)
- Agreeableness (v. Antagonism)
- Conscientiousness (v. Undependability)
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What are the 3 polarities in Millon's theory?
- Pleasure/Pain
- Passive/Active
- Self/Other
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What does introjection mean?
"To put inside"
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What are the 3 perspectives Millon refers to?
Iterpersonal, Cognitive, Psychodynamic
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