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define scientific fact
a scientific fact is an observation that has been confirmed repeatedly and accepted as true
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define scientific theory
a scientific theory is a theory that explains scientific observations
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what is the difference between physical and biological science
physical science is learning about moving things while biological science is learning about cells, human beings, living things, and non-living things
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define human physiology
human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans
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what are the branches we focus on in grade 11 biology
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what properties do living things have (9)
- 1. highly organized and contain mainly complex chemical substances
- 2. either unicellular or multicellular
- 3. use energy
- 4. has a definite shape and unlimited size
- 5. has a limited lifespan
- 6. respond to changes in the environment
- 7. they grow
- 8. they reproduce
- 9. they evolve or change over time
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what are the properties of non-living things (viruses) (6)
- 1. attack healthy cells within living things
- 2. cannot reproduce on its own
- 3. non-cellular
- 4. do not contain cytoplasm or organelles
- 5. do not have an organized cell structure
- 6. no chromosomes
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define autotrophs
plants and other organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances through the process of photosynthesis
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what is an example of an autotroph
algae
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define heterotrophs
organisms that cannot synthesizer their own food and must obtain it ready-made
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what are the 3 things that are essential to all living things
- 1. water
- 2. nutrients
- 3. energy
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why is a virus not considered living (5)
- 1. cannot reproduce on its own
- 2. non-cellular
- 3. no cytoplasm or organelles
- 4. do not have an organized cell structure
- 5. no chromosomes
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how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells unique to each other (2)
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what are the 3 main things in scientific study
- 1. observation and inference
- 2. analysing evidence
- 3. considering different points of view
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define observation
an actual fact that can be learned using the senses
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define inference
a logical, educated guess on the oberservation
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define direct evidence
gathered by evidence
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define indirect evidence
inferred by how something behaves
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define wellness
awareness by the individual that their physical structures and functions are working harmoniously as a whole unit
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define homeostasis
the body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment despite a changing external environments
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examples of homeostasis (4)
- 1. thermoregulation
- 2. waste management
- 3. osmoregulation
- 4. repairing tissues
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what is the mechanism that maintains homeostasis
the negative feedback
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what are the 3 essential components of the negative feedback
- 1. control centre
- 2. receptor
- 3. effector
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what is the basic unit of all living organisms
cells
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what are the 3 statements of the cell theory
- 1. all organisms are made up of one or more cells and the product of those cells
- 2. all cells carry on life activities
- 3. new cells arise only from other living cells by the process of cell division
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what did robert hooke discover
discovered substance that were made of boxlike structures that he called 'cells' while examining thin slices of cork and other plant tissues with a microscope
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what did leeuwenhoek discover
made single-lens microscope with amazing power. using these microscopes he found single-celled organisms and observed and described human blood cells
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what did schleiden discover
developed the theory that all plants were made of cells
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what did schwann discover
proposed that all animals were made of cells
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define organelles
organized structures within a living cell that function as organs for cells
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what is the function of the cell membrane
surrounds the cell and controls the movement materials into and out of the cell
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what is the function of the ER
transports materials in its canals
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what is the function of the ribosomes
makes proteins
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what is the function of the cytoplasm
contains organelles often called cytosol
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what is the function of the mitochondria
provides releases the energy in food molecules for use by the cell
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what is the function of the chloroplasts
the site of photosynthesis
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what is the function of the golgi bodies
sorts, stores, packages, and secretes proteins
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what is the function of the centrioles
involved in cell division
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what is the function of the cell wall
rigid structures outside the cell membrane tha provides strength
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what is the function of the cilia and flagella
involved in cell movement
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what is the function of the vacuoles
used for storing waste and support in plant cells
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what is the function of the lysosomes
breaks down and digest wastes
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what is the function of the nucleolus
make the parts for ribosomes
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what is the function of the nucleus
the brain centre of the cell that controls the metabolism and reproduction
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what is the function of the nuclear membrane
encloses genetic material
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what are the organelles unique to only plant cells (2)
- 1. chloroplasts
- 2. cell wall
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what are the organelles that are unique to animal cells (1)
centrioles
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what are the organelles that you can see under a light microscope (5)
- 1. cell membrane
- 2. cilia and flagella
- 3. vacuole
- 4. nucleus
- 5. cell wall
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define selective permeability
only allows some substance to pass through but not all
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what is an example of selective permeability
cell membrane
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what are the 3 functions of the cell membrane
- 1. allows substances to move in and out of the cell
- 2. protects the cell
- 3. provides structure for the cell
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define hydrophobic
repels or fails to mix with water
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define hydrophillic
tends to mix or dissolve in water
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what is an example of hydrophobic
oil
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what is an example of hydrophillic
sugar
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what is the function of the intergral proteins
transports substances across the cell membrane
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why are cells referred to as 'name tags'
because cells contain your genetic material which defines who you are
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why do cell membranes need cholesterol
cell membranes need cholesterol to regulate the fluidity of the cell membrane
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why do many organelles have membrane systems
many organelles have membrane systems to keep substances in the organelle and to form vesicles to transport substances to the cell membrane
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why is the cell membrane described as the 'fluid mosaic'
because like a mosaic that is made up of different parts, a cell membrane is made up of many phosphilipids
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define passive transport
when molecules travel from a region of high concentration to low concentration without using cellular energy
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define active transport
when molecules travel from a region of high concentration to low concentration while using cellular energy
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what are the 3 types of passive transport
- 1. diffusion
- 2. osmosis
- 3. facilitated diffusion
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what are the 2 types of active transport
- 1. ion pumps
- 2. vesicle mediated
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how are osmosis and diffusion similar
they are both the movement of molecules
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how are osmosis and diffusion different
osmosis only involves water while diffusion involves molecules in any place
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define concentration gradient
the change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution
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define isotonic
environment has the same concentration of solutes as inside the cell
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define hypertonic
environment has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell
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define hypotonic
environment has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell
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what happens to the cell if it is in an isotonic environment
the cell stays the same
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what happens to the cell if it is in an hypertonic environment
the cell grows
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what happens to the cell if it is in an hypotonic environment
the cell shrinks
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how is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion
facilitated diffusion uses protein carrier molecules to allow substances to diffuse through a cell membrane
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what happens during cellular exocytosis
vesicles form from within the cell carrying substances toward the cell membrane
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what happens during cellular endocytosis
vesicles form from the cell membrane and carry substances from outside the cell to the inside
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define vesicle mediation
a cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bound vesicles
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how do ion pumps differ from channel proteins
ion pumps require energy
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what is the term of cellular fluids and cellular solids
endocytosis
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