entom101-e2

• Development of cereals (wheat, rye, corn etc)
• Domestication of herbivorous animals (cattle etc)

ARthropod BOrn DISEASE

• EIL stands for Economic Injury Level
• The lowest number of insects that will cause an economic loss.
• The point at which the loss due to damage is greater than the cost of control.

• Subeconomic pests
• occasional pests
• key, perennial, or severe pests

• Amount of damage done by "pest" is not sufficiently costly to manage (costs more to manage than the damage it does)
• Most butterflies and caterpillars fall under this category.

• Pests that usually do not do enough damage to justify management.
• If conditions are favorable, their populations might grow to be above the EIL.
• Ex. Grasshoppers and crickets

• Pests that cause regular and serious damage.
• Sometimes they are managed before population levels breach the EIL.
• Ex. The coddling moth is a key pest in Washington.

• -Agricultural monocultures.
• -r and K selection

• -High reproductive capacity, little care for young
• -Often short-lived
• -Rebound quickly after change
• -Many insects
• -Many pests

• -Low reproductive capacity, great care of young
• -Often long-lived
• -Have difficulty dealing with change
• -Humans, elephants, mammals, few insects

• 1,000 BC - "pest averting sulfur"
• 200 BC - Bitumen - mineral pitch, asphalt
• 40-90 AD - Arsenic
• 1690 - Botanicals including nicotine

• Formulated in 1873 by Othmar Zeidler.
• In 1939 Paul Muller was looking for a moth proofing agent and discovered its insecticidal properties.

• Bioaccumulation in fat cells.
• Biomagnification in food chain.

In 1962 Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring. DDT was banned shortly there after.

The Environmental Protection Agency.

• -Metabolic poison
• -Physical poison
• -Nerve poison

• -Development of resistance in the pest.
• -Pest resurgence and pest replacement.
• -Effects on non-target organisms.
• -Risks to the applicator

Chemical modifiers of development and behavior.

• -Based on knowledge of pest physiology
• -Disrupt "normal" development
• -Practical beginnings in 1960's
• -Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
• -Juvenile hormone mimics
• -Molting hormone mimics

• -Pheromones
• -Allomones
• -Kairomones

• -Developed in the 1930's
• -Sterile individuals released into the environment in high numbers to mate with fertile individuals.
• -Geographically isolated pests
• -Very costly
• -The screwworm fly was eliminated from the U.S. using this technique.

A disease caused by parasitic dipterous fly larvae feeding on the host's living tissue.

• -The use of microbes (e.g, bacteria, viruses, fungi) to manage insects.
• -Little mammalian toxicity

• Genetically Modified Organism.
• -Incorporate genetic material from one organism into another.
• -Transgenic plants
• -Public acceptance has been a problem.

• -Manipulation of pest's environment
• -Sanitation
• -Tillage
• -Crop Rotation
• -Physical removal or containment
• -Screens
• -Fly swatter
• -Hopper dozer

• -Reproductives
• -Soldiers
• -Workers (the majority)

Cellulose

The nymphs eat regurgitated food from the adults that contains the symbionts.

Small termites that require contact with soil (moisture). Usually white or cream in color. Common in eastern washington. They follow the grain of the wood when they tunnel.

Larger termites that do NOT require soil contact. Dark in color. Common in western washington.

No. They just nest in it.

Carpenter ants.

A pollen basket located on the hind legs of a honey bee.

"bee glue". A resin collected from plants etc that bees use for glue in their hives.

It is the honey stomach and it is an expandable structure that is used for storing honey from the hive that the bee can use for flight energy out in the field. It also stores water and nectar from the field to bring back to the hive.

ovipositor.

• Drones: Come from unfertilized eggs. They are the male bees and exist only for reproduction. Once they mate with a queen they die.
• Queens: Can lay up to 1500 eggs per day!
• Workers: Come from fertilized eggs. Smallest bees in the colony. Considered to be the "jacks of all trades". They make honey, clean the hive, feed larvae and build wax comb. They also forage for nectar, pollen, etc. outside.

• -Round dance: Says flowers are less than 100 yards away.
• -Tail-waggling dance: Says flowers are further than 100 yards away. It displays both location and distance of flowers.

Rev. Langstroth in 1851.

• Killer bees.
• Their ancestors are from Southern Africa.
• First discovered in the U.S. in 1990.

A dead body.

• -Wasp and bee stings as punishment
• -Neglected young
• -single occupant vehicle accidents
• -Insect remains to detail probable path
• -Drugs in insects

• Francesco Redi
• -Black box experiments

• -Cause of death
• -Movement of corpse
• -Detect toxins or drugs
• -DNA
• -Postmortem Interval

Postmortem interval. Approximates the time since death by observing the age of the insect colony.

• Movement of corpse (changes in species composition)
• Antemortum conditions (lice, mites, wounds)
• Evidence can be durable

• 1)living
• 2)Initial decay (0-3 days after death)
• 3)Putrefaction or "bloated" state (4-10 days after death)
• 4)Black putrefaction or decay stage (10-20 days after death)
• 5)Butyric fermentation or post decay (20-50 days after death)
• 6)Dry decay (50+ days after death)