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Pectoralis Major: Clavicular Head
Proximal Attachment
Anterior Surface of medial half of clavicle
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Pectoralis Major: Clavicular Head
Distal Attachment
Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
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Pectoralis Major: Clavicular Head
Innervation
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5, C6)
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Pectoralis Major: Clavicular Head
Actions
Adducts and medially rotates humerus. Draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly. Also flexes humerus
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Pectoralis Major: Sternocostal Head
Proximal Attachment
Anterior surface of sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscles
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Pectoralis Major: Sternocostal Head
Distal Attachment
Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
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Pectoralis Major: Sternocostal Head
Innervation
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C7, C8, T1)
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Pectoralis Major: Sternocostal Head
Action
Adducts and medially rotates humerus. Draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly. Also extends humerus from flexed position
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Pectoralis Minor: Proximal Attachment
3rd-5th ribs near their costal cartilages
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Pectoralis Minor: Distal Attachment
Medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula
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Pectoralis Minor: Innervation
Medial Pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
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Pectoralis Minor: Action
Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall
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Serratus Anterior: Proximal Attachment
External Surfaces of lateral parts of 1st-8th ribs
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Serratus Anterior: Distal Attachment
Anterior Surface of medial border of scapula
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Serratus Anterior: Innervation
Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C8)
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Serratus Anterior: Actions
Protracts scapula and holds it against thoracic wall. Rotates scapula
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Subclavius: Proximal Attachment
Junction of 1st rib and its costal cartilage
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Subclavius: Distal Attachment
Inferior surface of middle 3rd of clavicle
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Subclavius: Innervation
Nerve to Subclavius (C5, C6)
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Subclavius: Action
Anchors and depresses clavicle
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Biceps Brachii: Short Head
Proximal Attachment
Tip of coracoid process of scapula
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Biceps Brachii: Short Head
Distal Attachment
Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
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Biceps Brachii: Short Head
Innervation
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, C6, C7)
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Biceps Brachii: Short Head
Action
Supinates forearm and flexes elbow. Alone resists dislocation of shoulder.
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Biceps Brachii: Short Head
Action
Supinates forearm and flexes elbow. Alone resists dislocation of shoulder.
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Biceps Brachii: Long Head
Proximal Attachment
Aupraglenoid tubercle of scapula
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Biceps Brachii: Long Head
Distal Attachment
Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
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Biceps Brachii: Long Head
Innervation
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, C6, C7)
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Biceps Brachii: Long Head
Action
Supinates forearm and flexes elbow.
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Brachialis: Proximal Attachment
Distal half of anterior surface of humerus
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Brachialis: Distal Attachment
Coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity
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Brachialis: Innervation
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, C6) and Radial Nerve (C5, C7)
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Brachialis: Action
Flexes forearm in all positions
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Coracobrachialis: Proximal Attachment
Tip of coracoid process of scapula
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Coracobrachialis: Distal Attachment
Middle 3rd of medial surface of humerus
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Coracobrachialis: Innervation
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, C6, C7)
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Coracobrachialis: Action
Helps flex and adduct arm; resists dislocation of shoulder
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Triceps Brachii: Long Head Proximal Attachments
Infraglenoid Tubercle of scapula
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Triceps Brachii: Long Head
Distal Attachments
Proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
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Triceps BrachiiL Long Head
Innervation
Radial Nerve (C5-T1)
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Triceps Brachii: Long Head
Action
Chief elbow extensor. Resists dislocation of humerus
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Triceps Brachii: Lateral Head
Proximal Attachments
Posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove
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Triceps Brachii: Lateral Head
Distal Attachments
Proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
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Triceps Brachii: Lateral Head
Innervations
Radial Nerve (C5-T1)
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Triceps Brachii: Lateral Head
Actions
Chief elbow extensor
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Triceps Brachii: Medial Head
Proximal Attachments
Posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
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Triceps Brachii: Medial Head
Distal Attachments
Proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm
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Triceps Brachii: Medial Head
Innervation
Radial Nerve (C5-T1)
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Triceps Brachii: Medial Head
Actions
Chief Elbow extensor
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Anconeus
Proximal Attachment
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
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Anconeus
Distal Attachments
Lateral surface of olecranon and superior part of posterior surface of ulna
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Anconeus
Innervations
Radial Nerve (C5-T1)
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Anconeus
Actions
Assists in elbow extension, stabilizes elbow joint, may abduct ulna during pronation
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Pronator Teres: Ulnar Head
Proximal Attachments
Coraniod Process
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Pronator Teres: Humeral Head
Proximal Attachments
Medial Epicondyle of humerus
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Pronator Teres
Distal Attachments
Middle of convexity of lateral surface of radius
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Pronator Teres
Innervation
Median Nerve (C6-T1)
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Pronator Teres
Actions
Pronates forearm and assists in elbow flexion
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Proximal Attachments
Medial Epicondyle of humerus
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Distal Attachments
Base of 2nd epicondyle
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Innervations
Median Nerve (C6-T1)
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Actions
Flexes wrist and radial deviation
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Palmaris Longus
Proximal Attachments
Medial Epicondyle of humerus
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Palmaris Longus
Distal Attachments
Distal half of flexor retinaculum and apex of palmar aponeurosis
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Palmaris Longus
Innervations
Median Nerve (C6-T1)
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Palmaris Longus
Actions
Wrist flexor and tenses palmar aponeurosis
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Humeral Head
Proximal Attachments
Medial Epicondyle of humerus
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Ulnar Head
Proximal Attachments
Olecranon and posterior border (via aponeurosis)
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Distal Attachments
Pisiform, Hook of Hamate, 5th metacarpal
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Innervations
Ulnar Nerve (C8, T1)
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Actions
Flexes wrist and ulnar deviation
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Humeroulnar Head
Proximal Attachments
Medial epicondyle and coranoid process
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Radial Head
Proximal Attachments
Superior half of anterior border
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Distal Attachments
Shafts of medial phalanges of digits 2-4
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Innervations
Median Nerve (C6-T1)
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Actions
Flexes phalanges of digits 2-4 at proximal interphalangeal joints. Also flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints.
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Flexor Pollicis Longus
Proximal Attachments
Anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane
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Flexor Pollicis Longus
Distal Attachments
Base of distal phalanx of thumb
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Flexor Pollicis Longus
Innervations
Base of distal phalanx of thumb
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Flexor Pollicis Longus
Actions
Flexes phalanges of 1st digit
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Medial Part
Proximal Attachments
Proximal 3 quarters of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Lateral Part
Proximal Attachments
Proximal 3 quarters of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Medial Head
Distal Attachments
Bases of distal phalanges of 4th and 5th digits
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Medial Head
Innervations
Ulnar Nerve (C8, T1)
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Lateral Head
Innervations
Ulnar Nerve (C8, T1)
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: MEdial Head
Actions
Flexes distal phalangesof 4th and 5th digits at distal interphalangeal joints
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Lateral Head
Distal Attachments
Bases of distal phalanges of 2nd and 3rd digits
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus: Lateral Head
Actions
Flexes distal phalangesof 2nd and 3rd digits at distal interphalangeal joints
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Pronator Quadratus
Proximal Attachments
Distal quarter of anterior surface of ulna
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Pronator Quadratus
Distal Attachments
Distal quarter of anterior surface of radius
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Pronator Quadratus
Innervations
Ulnar Nerve (C8, T1)
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Pronator Quadratus
Actions
Pronates forearm. Deep fibers bind radius and ulna together
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Proximal Attachments
Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Distal Attachments
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Innervations
Recurrent Branch of Median Nerve (C8, T1)
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Actions
Flexes the thumb at the MCP joint
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Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Proximal Attachments
Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
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Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Distal Attachments
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
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Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Innervations
Recurrent Branch of Median Nerve (C8, T1)
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Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Actions
Abducts thumb; Helps oppose it
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Opponens Pollicis
Proximal Attachments
Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium
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Opponens Pollicis
Distal Attachments
Lateral side of 1st metacarpal
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Opponens Pollicis
Innervations
Recurrent Branch of Median Nerve (C8, T1)
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Opponens Pollicis
Actions
To oppose thumb, it draws 1st metacarpal medially to center of palm and rotates it medially
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Adductor Pollicis: Transverse Head
Proximal Attachments
Anterior surface of shaft of 3rd metacarpal
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Adductor Pollicis: Oblique Head
Proximal Attachments
Bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, capitate, and adjacent carpals
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Adductor Pollicis
Distal Attachments
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
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Adductor Pollicis
Innervations
Deep Branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
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Adductor Pollicis
Actions
Adducts thumb toward lateral border of palm
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Abductor Digit Minimi
Proximal Attachments
Pisiform
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Abductor Digiti Minimi
Distal Attachments
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
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Abductor Digiti Minimi
Innervations
Deep Branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
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Abductor Digiti Minimi
Actions
Abducts 5th digit; assists in flexion of its proximal phalanx
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Flexor Digit Minimi
Proximal Attachments
Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
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Flexor Digiti Minimi
Distal Attachments
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
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Flexor Digiti Minimi
Innervations
Deep Branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
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Flexor Digit Minimi
Actions
Flexes Proximal phalanx of 5th digit
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Opponens Digit Minimi
Proximal Head
Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
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Opponenes Digit Minimi
Distal Attachments
Medial border of 5th metacarpal
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Opponens Digiti Minimi
Innervations
Deep Branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
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Opponens Digiti Minimi
Actions
Draws 5th metacarpal anterior and rotates it, bringing 5th digit into opposition with thumb
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Lumbricals: 1st and 2nd
Proximal Attachments
Lateral two tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (as unipennate muscles)
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Lumbricals: 1st and 2nd
Distal Attachments
Lateral sides of extensor expansions of 2nd - 5th digits
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Lumbricals: 1st and 2nd
Innervations
Median Nerve (C6-T1)
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Lumbricals: 1st and 2nd
Actions
Flex metacarpophalangeal joint; extend interphalangeal joints of 2nd - 5th digits
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Lumbricals: 3rd and 4th
Proximal Attachments
Medial three tnedons of flexor digitorum profundus (as bipennate muscles)
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Lumbricals: 3rd and 4th
Distal Attachments
Lateral sides of extensor expansions of 2nd - 5th digits
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Lumbricals: 3rd and 4th
Innervations
Deep Branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
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Lumbricals: 3rd and 4th
Actions
Flex metacarpophalangeal joint; extend interphalangeal joints of 2nd - 5th digits
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Palmar Interosseous: 1st-3rd
Proximal Attachments
Palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals (as unipennate muscles)
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Palmar Interosseous: 1st-3rd
Distal Attachments
Bases of proximal phalanges; extensor expansions of 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits
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Palmar Interosseous: 1st-3rd
Innervations
Deep Branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
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Palmar Interosseous: 1st-3rd
Actions
Adduct 2nd, 4th and 5th digits toward axial line. Assist lumbricals in flexing metacarpophalangeal joints and extending interphalangeal joints; extensor expansions of 2nd-4th digits
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Dorsal Interosseous: 1st-4th
Proximal Attachments
Adjacent sides o9f two metacarpals (as bipennate muscles)
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Dorsal Interosseous: 1st-4th
Distal Attachments
Bases of proximal phalanges; extensor expansions of 2nd-4th digits
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Dorsal Interosseous: 1st-4th
Innervations
Deep Branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
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Dorsal Interosseous: 1st-4th
Actions
Abduct 2nd-4th digits; act with lumbricals in flexing metacarpophalangeal joints and extending interphalangeal joints
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Proximal Attachments
Lateral suprauepicondylar ridge of humerus
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Distal Attachments
Dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Innervations
Radial Nerve (C5-T1)
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Actions
Extend wrist and radial deviation; active during fist clenching
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Proximal Attachments
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Distal Attachments
Dorsal aspect of base of 3rd metacarpal
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Innervations
Deep Branch of Radial Nerve (C7, C8)
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Actions
Extend wrist and radial deviation
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Brachioradialis
Proximal Attachments
Proximal two thrids of supraepicondylar ridge of humerus
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Brachioradialis
Distal Attachments
Lateral surface of distal end of radius proximal to styloid process
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Brachoradialis
Innervations
Radial Nerve (C5-T1)
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Brachioradialis
Actions
Relatively weak flexion of forearm; maximal when forearm is in mid-pronated position
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Supinator
Proximal Attachments
Lateral epicondyle of humerus; radial collateral and anular ligaments; supinator fossa; crest of ulna
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Supinator
Distal Attachments
Lareral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal third of radius
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Supinator
Innervations
Deep Branch of Radial Nerve (C7, C8)
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Supinator
Actions
Supinates forearml rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly or superiorly (if elbow is flexed)
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Proximal Attachments
Lateral epicondyle of humerus; posterior border of ulna via a shared aponeurosis
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Distal Attachments
Dorsal aspect of base of 5th metacarpal
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Innervations
Deep Branch of Radial Nerve (C7, C8)
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Actions
Extends and wrist and ulnar deviates; also active during fist clenching
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
Proximal Attachments
Posterior surface of proximal halves of ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
Distal Attachments
Base of 1st metacarpal
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
Innervations
Posterior Interosseous Nerve (C7, C8), continuation of Deep Branch of Radial Nerve
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
Actions
Abducts thumb and extends it at carpometacarpal joint
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Extensor Pollicis Longus
Proximal Attachments
Posterior surface of middle thrid of ulna and interosseous membrane
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Extensor Pollicis Longus
Distal Atachments
Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb
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Extensor Pollicis Longus
Innervations
Posterior Interosseous Nerve (C7, C8), continuation of Deep Branch of Radial Nerve
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Extensor Pollicis Longus
Actions
Extends distal phalanx of thumb at interphalangeal joint; extends metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints
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Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Proximal Attachments
Posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseous membrane
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Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Distal Attachments
Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
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Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Innervations
Posterior Interosseous Nerve (C7, C8), continuation of Deep Branch of Radial Nerve
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Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Actions
Extends proximal phalanx of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint; extends carpometacarpal joint
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Extensor Indicis
Proximal Attachments
Posterior Surface of distal third of ulna and interosseous membrane
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Extensor Indicis
Distal Attachments
Extensor expansion of 2nd digit
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Extensor Indicis
Innervations
Posterior Interosseous Nerve (C7, C8), continuation of Deep Branch of Radial Nerve
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Extensor Indicis
Actions
Extends 2nd digit (enabling its independent extension); helps extend hand at wrist
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Extensor Digitorum
Proximal Attachments
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
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Extensor Digitorum
Distal Attachments
Extensor expansions of medial four digits
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Extensor Digitorum
Innervations
Deep Branch of Radial Nerve (C7, C8)
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Extensor Digitorum
Actions
Extends medial four digits primarily at metacarpophalangeal joints, secondarily at interphalangeal joints
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Extensor Digiti Minimi
Proximal Attachments
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
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Extensor Digiti Minimi
Distal Attachments
Extensor expansion of 5th digit
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Extensor Digiti Minimi
Innervations
Deep Branch of Radial Nerve (C7, C8)
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Extensor Digiti Minimi
Actions
Extends 5th digit primarily at metacarpophalangeal joint, secondarily at interphalangeal joint
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