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Extrafusal Muscle Fibers
attached to the bone and deal with the tension of muscles
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2 Types of Muscle Fibers
Extrafusal and Intrafusal
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Intrafusal Muscle
attached to intrafusal muscle and deal with the lengthening of muscles
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Golgi Tendon Organ
motoring of muscle tension of the extrafusal muscle fibers
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Muscle Spindles
monitoring of the length of the interfusal fiber
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Motor Neurons
Alpha and Gamma Neurons; fire simultaneously
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Strychnine Poisoning
Alpha Motor Nureon feedback loop gets knocked out; causes "lock-Jaw"
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Extrafusal Muscle Fibers
are muscle fibers that connect to tendon to bone
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Cortical Motor Areas
- · Prefrontal Association Ctx
- o Integration and planning center
- · M2: Supplementary Motor Area
- o Planning of motor program
- · M1: Primary Motor Area
- o Execution of program
- · M2: Premotor Area
- o Active during execution for feeback –alteration
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BCI Components
- 1. Multi-electrode array to record activity
- o Resolution issues/ adaptation
- 2. Decoder algorithm for motor intention
- o Training program / adaptation
- 3. effector apparatus for motor action
- 4. sensory feedback
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Brian Motor System
- o Lumbar region 4-5 controls swinging stance in legs
- o Voluntary/ rhythmic Movement
- o Have a motor program that is reflex driven
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Cortical Motor Areas
- o Anosognosia
- § Being unaware of a disability
- § Right hemisphere M1 stroke
- o Limb Apraxia
- § Loss of skilled movement
- § Left Hemisphere
- · Intraparietal sulcusmiddle frontal gyrus network
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Brian Motor Systems
- o Lumbar region 4-5 controls swinging stance in legs
- o Voluntary/ rhythmic Movement
- o Have a motor program that is reflex driven
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Cerebellum
Tissue attached to the brainstem
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3 major functions of the cerebellum
- § Posture & Balance
- § Timing Ballistic commands
- · ballistic movement is very rapid firing sequence but it has timing of movement
- § Smoothing the output/ execution
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4 symptoms following damage of the cerebellum.
- § Ataxia (drunker sailers gate)
- · Wide stance and a tendency to fall over
- § Asynergia
- · Movement not smooth it is not performed very well
- § Dysmetria
- · Calculating distance is hard to do
- § Terminal tremor
- · Shaking at the end of a motor movement… at rest they are fine
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Creutzfeldt - jacob disease ( symptoms, Etiology, pathology, treatments)
- · Symptoms
- o Choreiform movements
- § Looks like dancing movements
- o Cognitive / emotional / perceptual disturbances
- § Laughing sickness
- § Hylosinate
- o Death within 3-12 months
- § See it in mostly elderly
- · Etiology
- o Begins with Nobel Laureate C. Gadjusek.
- § Fore Tribe and Kuru
- · Elderly women and children
- o Ritualistic cannibalism
- · Pathology: Laureate S. Prusner
- o Similar to BSE, Scrapie, CWD(cronic wasting dieses found in elk and deer)
- o Infectious agent: prions
- § Prions are twisted up protiens
- § Mis-folded w/o nucleic acid
- · Treatments
- o None
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Hungtington's Disease (Symptoms, Etiology, Neuropathology, treatment)
- § Symptoms 1st described by George Huntington
- o Heritability, chorea, dementia and death after 15-20 years
- § Etiology
- o Autosomal dominant genetic disorder on chromosome #4
- o Protein product = mutant Huntingtin (mHtt)
- § Neuropathology
- o Wasting of caudate nuc.
- § Treatment
- o None
- § Caudate is damaged and gets to much DA inhibition and gets excessive motor
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Parkinson's Disease( treatment
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