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Epidemiology of Antimicrobial resistance
- Circle Between:
- Food Animals, companion animals, humans, aquaculture, and vegetation, seed crops and fruit; with sewage, soil, wildlife, rivers and industrial and household antibacterial chemicals as connectors
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The original birth of One Health
Health is embedded in our relations with the world around us
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Millennium Development Goals
- 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- 2. Achieve universal primary education
- 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
- 4. Reduce child mortality
- 5. Improve maternal health
- 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
- 8. Global partnership for development
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Extreme poverty and hunger
- Livestock and fish = livelihoods: food source, living banks
- Increased production: more food, more affordable, more sustainable
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Financial capital
- Might be cash: income from animal use
- Might be animals: living banks; poultry as petty cash, pigs and goats as household expenses, cattle as saving account
- Longevity and productivity
- Domestic and wild
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Physcial Capital
- Transport
- Tools
- Shelter
- Energy
- Water
- Fertilizer
- Goods and services (infrastructure)
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Achieving universal primary education
- Schools cost money to attend: living banks help fund schooling, disposable income allows kids to go to school not work
- School performance affected by nutritional status
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Promote gender equity and empower women
- Equity does not = equality
- Women often head households and in many countries are responsible for livestock care
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Reduce child mortality
- Secure food supplies to meet nutritional needs
- Safe food and animal interactions to reduce zoonoses
- Another role for the living bank, pay for unexpected health cost
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Improved maternal health
- Nutrition: healthier mom, healthier baby so this is related to the previous goal
- Nursing children plus physical labour of tending to the family - large nutritional costs
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Combat HIV, malaria and other diseases
- Zoonoses are a determinant f poverty
- Non-zoonotic animal disease reduce production and access to all the other animal associated benefits
- HIV/AIDS has reduce available farm labour
- Combined human and animal health services.
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Ensure environmental sustainability
- Animals do degrade the envrionment
- Can also cause benefits
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Developing partnerships
- Animals as determinants of health: the population health approach is based on partnerships; seeing animals as a public good rather than just private property shifts the vet. perspective to more collaboration
- Poverty reduction and decreasing health inequities requires multi-approaches and players
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Health is largely determined by factors outside the health care system
"Lack of health care is not the cause of the huge global burden of illness; water-borne diseases are not caused by lack of antibiotics but by dirty water, and by the political, social and economic forces that fail to make clean water available to all; heart disease is not caused by a lack of coronary care units but by the lives people lead, which are shaped by the environments in which they live; obesity is not caused by moral failure on the part of individuals but by the excess availability of high-fat and high-sugar foods. The main action on the determinants of health must therefore come from outside the health sector.
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Animals and psycho-social determinants
- Being a functional part of your "community" is important to health
- Connections to animals and nature are good for mental health
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Social capital
Refers to both formal and informal reciprocal links among people in all sorts of family, friendship, business and community networks
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Animals and human health
- Animals are food
- Animals are sources of income
- Animals are sources of fuel and power
- Animals provide social capital
- Animals provide ecological services
- Animals promote mental health and fitness
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The Poles of One Health Schools
- Zoonotic hazards are best prevented at sources:
- 75% of emerging infectious diseases have been zoonotic
- Endemic zoonoses are determinants of poverty and poor health globally
- Primary prevention should target hazard reduction and exposures at their origin
- Fostering positive environmental determinants of health
- Animals are critical for human
- Sustained human well-being is absolutely dependent on functioning ecosystems
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One Health Goals
- Ultimate goals are to:
- Maximixe the social benefits of animals and the environmentSustainable food production, rural economy and poverty reducation, maintain trade and tourism
- Maintain environmental services like water security and biodiversity
- Minimize the negative impacts from human-animal-environmental interactions
- emerging zoonotic infections
- impacts of endemic zoonotic infections (including food safety)
- Detect and mitigate the effects of pollution
- Protect biodiversity and welfare while farming or extracting resources
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