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standard terminology of stance phase
heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, toe off
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standard terminology of swing phase
acceleration, midswing, deceleration
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Rancho los amigos terminology stance phase
initial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, pre-swing
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rancho los amingo terminology of swing phase
Inital swing, midswing, terminal swing
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Standard- heel strike
Heel strike is the instant that the heel touches the ground to begin stance phase
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standard- foot flat
Foot flat is the point in which the entire foot makes contact with the ground and should occur directly after heel strike
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standard- midstance
midstance is the point during the stance phase when the entire body weight is directly over the stance phase
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standard- heel off
heel off is the point which the heel of the stance limb remains on the ground
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standard-toe off
toe off is the point in which the heel of the stance limb remains on the ground
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standard- acceleration
acceleration begins when toe off is complete and the reference limb swings until positioned directly under the body.
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standard- midswing
midswing is the point when the swing limb is directly under the body
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standard- deceleration
deceleration begins directly after midswing as the swing limb begins to extend and ends just prior to heel strike
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RLA- initial contact
initial contact is the beginning of the stance phase that occurs when the foot touches the ground
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RLA- loading response
loading response correcponds to the amount of time between initial contact and the beginning of the swing phase for the other leg
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RLA- midstance
midstance corresponds to the point in stance phase when the other foot is off the floor intil the body is directly over the stance limb
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RLA- terminal stance
terminal stance begins when the stance limb's heel rises and ends when the other stance foot reaches toe off.
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RLA- pre-swing
pre-swing phase begins when the other foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reachs toe off
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RLA- initial swing
initial swing begins with stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with maximal knee flexion during swing
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RLA- midswing
midswing phase begins with maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground
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RLA- terminal swing
terminal swing phase begins when the tibia is perpendicular to the foot and ends when the foot touches the ground
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Stance phase is ____% and swing phase is _____%
60/40
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Base of Support
The distance measured between the left and right foot during progression of gait. The distance decreases as cadence increase. Average base of support is 2-4 inches
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Cadence
The number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time. The average value for an adult if 110-120 steps per minute
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Degree of toe-out
The angle formed by each foot's line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe. Average 7 degrees
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Double support phase
The double support phase refers to the two times during the gait cycle where both feet are on the ground. The time of double supprt increase as the speed of gait decreases. Theis phase does not exist with running.
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Gait Cycle
The gait cycle refers to the sequence of motions that occur from one inital contact of the heel to the next consecutive initial contact of the same heel
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Pelvic Rotation
rotation of the pelvis opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance and regulate speed. 4 degrees forward and 4 degrees backward
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Single support phase
The single support phase occurs when only one foot is on the ground and occurs twice during the gait cycle.
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Step length
the distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike. average is 13-16 inches.
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Stride
The distance measured between right heel strike and the following right heel strike. Average 26-32 inches
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Antalgic
A protective gait pattern where the involoved step length is decreased in order to aviod weight bearing on the involoved side usually secondary to pain.
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Ataxic
A gait pattern charcterized by staggering and unsteadiness. Usually a wide BOS and movements are exaggerated (drunk people)
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Cerebellar
A staggering gait problem seen in cerabellar disease
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Circumduction
A gait pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg diring swing phase; this may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion
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Double step
A gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate.
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Equine
A gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate
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Festinating
A gait pattern where a patient walks on toes as though pushed, It starts slowly, increase, and may continue until the patient grasps an object in order to stop. Parkinsons
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Hemiplegic
A gait pattern in which pt abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in the front of them.
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Parkinsonian
a gait pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees; gait is shuffling with quick and small steps; festinating may occur
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Scissor
A gait pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement
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spastic
A gait pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, hip and knee joints slightly flexed. Commonly seen in spastic paraplegia.
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Steppage
A gait pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsiflexor weakness. The foot will slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to the decreased control
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Tabetic
A high steppage ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground
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Trendelenburg
A gait pattern that denotes gluteus medius weakness; excessive lateral truck flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg
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Vaulting
A gait pattern where the swing leg advanced by compensating through the combination of elevation of the pelvis and plantar flexion of the stance leg
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Foot slap
weak dorsifelxors, dorsiflexor paralysis
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toe down instead of heel strike
Plantar flexor spasticity, plantar flexor contracture, weak dorsiflexors, dorsiflexors paralysis, leg length discrepancy, hindfoot pain
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Clawing of toes
toe flexor spasticity, postive support reflex
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Heel lift during midstance
Insufficient dorsiflexion range, plantar flexor spasticity
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No toe off
forefoot/toe pain, weak plantar flexors, insufficient plantar flexion range of motion
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Exaggerated knee flexion at contact
weak quadriceps, quadricps paralysis, hamstrings spasticity, insufficient extension ROM
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Hyperextension in stance
compensation for weak quadriceps, plantar flexor contracture
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Exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance
knee flexion contracture, hip flexion contracture
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Insufficient flexion with swing
knee effusion, quadriceps extension spasticiy, plantar flexor spasticity, insufficient flexion ROM
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Excessive flexion with swing
Flexor withdrawal reflex, lower extremity flexor synergy
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insufficient hip flexion at initial contact
weak hip flexors, hip flexor paralysis, hip extensor spasticity, insufficient hip flexion ROM
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insufficient hip extension at stance
insufficient hip extension ROM, hip flexion contracture, lower extremity flexor synergy
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circumduction during swing
compensation for weak hip flexors, compensation for weak dorsiflexors, compensation for weak hamstrings
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hip hiking during swing
compensation for weak dorsiflexors, compensation for weak knee flexors, compensation for extensor synergy pattern
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exaggerated hip flexion during swing
lower extremity flexor synergy, compensation for insufficient hip flexion or dorsiflexion
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