A&P Lab Muscles Test

4 major tissues of the body

The 3 types of muscle

the muscle that we eat and treat

only in the heart

composing system of no control

refers to muscle generally

more specifically refers to muscle cells.

the study of muscles

inflammation of muscle tissue

the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

pyo-

when a cell gets smaller

When a cell multiplies

When a cell changes shape

What is the "A" band (dark)

When we talk about "muscles," we are referring to well-defined organs composed of groups of skeletal muscle cells surrounded by a layer of _____.

what is the thick, central portion of a muscle called

Most muscles attach to bones at both ends by tough, fibrous connective tissue bands called ___

Instead of bandlike tendons, some muscles are attached by broad sheets of fibrous connecive tissue called _____ to bones or to other muscles.

The prominent aponeurosis is the ______ that runs lengthwise between the muscles on the animals ventral midline.

One of the muscle's attachment sites is generally more stable than the other. This more stable site is called the ____ of the muscle.

The site that undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts is called the _____ of the muscle and is more distal on the appendage than the origin.

When stimulated by a nerve impulse, a muscle ______.

is used to describe a muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desire movement.

is a muscle or muscle group that directly opposes the action of a prime mover.

a muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action.

a muscle that stabilizes joints to allow other movements to take place.

6 ways of muscle naming.

_____ muscles occur in the superficial fascia between the skin and the deep fascia covering the skeletal muscles.

3 functions of abdominal muscles

difference between vomiting and regurgitation

Name the Abdominal muscles from the Outside in.

aponeurosis that extends from the xiphoid process to the cranial brim of the pelvis.

fibers run in a caudo-ventral oblique direction.

Fibers run in the opposite oblique direction, that is, cranio-ventral.

form the floor of the muscular abdominal wall. It consist of two strap-like muscles on either side of the linea alba that run from the ribs and sternum back to the brim of the pubis.

the deepest of the muscle as its fibers run directly downward in a ventral direction to insert on the linea alba

The muscles of the thoracic (front) limb function  mainly in _____.

a broad triangular muscle that extends from the spinal column down to its insertion on the humerus

Latissimus dorsi Muscle- Origin and Insertion

Four Pectorals that extend from the sternum to the humerus and act as adductors of the front leg, helping to keep the legs under the animals

___ muscle (both portions) are triangular shaped and extends from the lateral portion of the scapula down to the humerus. These muscles abduct and flexes the shoulder joint.

Deltoids- Spinodeltoid and Acromiodeltoid-Origin and Insertion

Muscle has two heads; Action is to pull the limb forward and extend the shoulder

Cleidocephalicus: origin and insertion and Action

Omotransversarius: origin and insertion and Action

A very thin triangular muscle

Trapezius: origin and insertion and Action

holds the dorsal border of the scapula to the body. This muscle has 3 heads with a common insertion.

the 3 heads of Rhomboideus

Rhomboideus capitis: Origin, Insertion, Action

Rhomboideus Cervicis: Origin, Insertion, action

Rhomboideus Thoracis: Origin, Insertion, Action

this muscle acts like a sling to support the body between the forelegs. This muscle has two heads.

Serratus Ventralis: Origin, Insertion, Action

The muscles of the neck help support the head and allow the head and neck to ___, ___, and ________.

muscle in the cheek area of the skull is the most powerful of the chewing muscle.

Two of the main muscles that extend the head and neck.

Another muscle that extends the head and neck and also pulls the front leg forward.

Neck ____ muscles are located on the ventral portion of the neck.

Muscle is a smaller, straplike muscle that extends from the sternum to the base of the skull and acts to flex the head and neck.

Masseter: Origin, Insertion, Action

largest muscle found on the lateral and dorsal aspects of the skull.

Temporalis: Origin, Insertion, Action

this muscle has two heads. The major importance of this muscle is that it forms along with the brachiocephalicus, the jugular groove.

Sternocephalicus: Origin, Insertion, Action

the major cutaneous muscle of the neck and head

Platysma: Origin, Insertion, Action

Deltoids: Origin, Insertion, Action

this muscle fills the infraspinous fossa caudal to the spine of the scapula

Infraspinatus Muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

fills the supraspinous fossa cranial to the spine of the scapula and is wider and longer than the infraspinatus muscle

Supraspinatus Muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

This muscle occupies the subscapular fossa on the medial aspect of the scapula

Subscapularis muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

Lies caudal to the subscapularis muscle, and its tendon of insertion joins that of the latissimus dorsi muscle

Teres Major Muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

this muscle is located on the craniomedial aspect of the humerus. It has only one head in animals.

Biceps Brachii muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

is located on the lateral side of the humerus. It twists laterally and cranially toward its insertion on the medial side of the proximal radius and ulna

Brachialis: Origin, Insertion, Action

this mass is on the caudal aspect of the humerus. It is made up of 3 heads

Triceps Brachii: Origin, Insertion, Action

extends the carpus and is located over the radius

which flexes the digit and is located down beneath some of the other digital flexor muscles.

The two primary antagonistic set of muscles in the pelvic limb

The large gluteal muscles and the hamstring muscle group are ____ muscles of the hip joint.

are three muscles located on the back of the thigh region.

Name the 3 Hammies

a collection of 4 muscles that are located on the front of the hind legs

Name the Quads

a triangular muscle that aponeurosis into a long, thin but wide tendon (the fasciae latae) that is commonly used by surgeons to make cuts and strips to replace the anterior cruciate ligaments during repair.

Tensor Fasciae Latae: Origin, Insertion, Action

small triangular muscle lies over the middle gluteal muscle

Superficial Gluteal muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

a large egg-shaped muscle lies cranial to the superficial and caudal to the tensor fascia latae.

Middle Gluteal Muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

the fan-shaped muscle is totally covered by the middle gluteal.

Deep Gluteal muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

the largest and widest muscle of the thigh and covers its entire caudolateral aspect.

Biceps Femoris muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

lies medial to the Biceps femoris and lateral to the Semimembranosus.

Semitendinosus muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

not as long as the semitendinosus but is slightly larger in section. It can be identified since it lies beside the medial to the semitendinosus wedged between the biceps femoris, gracilis, and adductor muscles.

Semimembranosus muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

has two distinct betties in the dog but is undivided in the horse and cat

Sartorius: Origin, Insertion, Action

this wide flat muscle covers the caudo-medial surface of the medial thigh.

Gracilis: Origin, Insertion, Action

a very small spindle-shaped muscle located on the medial aspect. used to sever this muscle first in relieving pain in dogs with chronic hip dysplasia.

Pectineus: Origin, Insertion, Action

a large pyramid-shaped muscle consists of two muscles. It is found between the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus.

the two heads of Adductor muscle.

Adductor muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

this group consist of 4 muscles with a common tendon

Name the 4 muscles of the Quads

Quads: Origin, Insertion, Action

is the most cranial muscle of cranio-lateral muscles of leg group

Cranial Tibial muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

this is lateral to the cranial tibial muscle and is partly covered by it.

Long Digital Extensor muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action

this muscle lies caudal and lateral to the long digital extensor

Peroneus Longus muscle: Origin, insertion

this is the most superficial muscle of the caudal leg muscles and consists of two heads, each of which has a sesamoid bone embedded near its origin.

Gastrocnemius: Origin, Insertion

this muscle consists of a lateral head and a much smaller medial head

Deep Digital Flexor muscle: Origin, Insertion

this muscle is covered by the gastocnemius and superficial digital flexor

Popliteus muscle: Origin, Insertion

is a heavy band of connective tissue that inserts on the tuber calcanei. It is aka the Achilles tendon in humans and is made up of five different muscles. Name the muscle; Name the 5 that make it

The muscles of _____ increase and decrease the size of the thoracic cavity to draw air into and push air out of the lungs.

Drawing air into the lungs is called ___

the muscles that increase the size of the thoracic cavity when they contract are called ____ muscles

Name the 2 main inspiratory muscles

is a thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Intercostal means between the ribs. The fibers are directed in an oblique direction so that they contract, they rotate the ribs upward and forward. this increases the size of the thoracic cavity and causes air to be drawn into the lungs

does not require as much effort as inspiration because mechanical forces, such as gravity, and the elastic nature of the lungs help collapse the rib cage and push air out

Two expiratory muscles

the fibers of the internal intercostal muscles run at right angles to those of the external intercostal muscles. When these contract, they rotate the ribs backward, which decreases the size of the thorax and pushes air out of the lungs

the four heads simply contract reducing the space of the peritoneal cavity

micrometer abbreviation

1 um = ? millimeter

Skeletal ____ are usually called skeletal muscle fibers due to their overall threadlike of fiber-like shape

extend from the sarcolemma down to the protein filaments

The ____ that make up the muscle fiber (cell) are composed of thousands of tiny, contracile protein filaments known as ___ filaments and ___ filaments.

The area from one Z line to the next Z line is called ____

the basic contraction unit of skeletal muscle

Each ____ is made up of many sarcomeres line up end to end.

When all the sarcomeres of each myofibril is stimulated to contract, they will contract to ___ their size

The sites where the ends of motor nerve fibers "connect" to muscle fibers are called ____ ____.

If a skeletal muscle's nerve supply is interrupted for a lengthy period as a result of injury, the  muscle will shrink down through a process called___.

Within the end of the nerve fiber in a neurmuscular junction are tiny sacs called ____

Synaptic vesicles that contain the chemical neurotransmitter ____

The effect of the acetylcholine on ites receptor is very short lasting. An enzyme in the synapse space called _____

_____ quickly removes the acetylcholine molecule from its receptor and splits it apart. This then ends the effect of that nerve impulse.

THe number of muscle fibers per nerve fiber determines...

a term used to describe one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Muscles that must make very small, delicate movements, such as the muscles that position the eyes, may only have a ___ muscle fibers per nerve fiber in each motor unit.

Each individual skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue layer composed of fine reticular fibers called the ____

Groups of skeletal muscle fibers, called ____ are bound together by a tougher connective tissue layer, called the ____, which is composed of reticular fibers and thick collagen fibers.

Groups of muscle fascicles are surrounded by _____, a fibrous connective tissue layer composed largely of tough collagen fibers.

When a nerve impulse comes down a motor nerve fiber and reached the end bulb at the neuromuscular junction, ______ is released into the synaptic space.

The ______ molecules bind to receptors on the surface of the _____ (cell membrane) of the muscle fiber, which starts an impulse that travels along the _____ and through the ______ to the interior of the cell.

The three connective tissue layers that are continuous with the tendons or aponeuroses that connect the muscle to bones or other muscles

the connective tissue layers of a muscle contain the blood vessels and nerve fibers that supply the muscle fibers, they also contain varying amounts of adipose tissue. The fat deposits are often visible grossly in meat and are called the "____" of the meat.

As mentioned the impulse travels along the _____ and through the ____ to the interior of the cell.

When the impulse reaches the __________, it causes the release of stored calcium ions into the sarcoplasm.

Almost as soon as the _________ releases its Ca++ into the ____, it begins pumping it back in again.

Pumping the Ca++ back into the __________ requires energy, which is also supplied by ATP molecules.

the amount of calcium in the muscle fiber is determined largely ....

The concentration of ATP in skeletal muscle is relatively ___; it supplies only the energy necessary to maintain contraction for a ___ period of time

The presence of ATP is required for what?

Muscle contraction is ____% efficient in regard to the accomplishment of work. The non work portion is dissipated as heat.

The combined shortening of all the end-to-end sarcomere in a muscle fiber results in what we call a ______.

An individual muscle fiber either contracts completely when it receives a nerve impulse or it does not contract at all. What is this know as?

We know this is not true of whole muscles; so how does the body produce movements that vary in range and strength when individual muscle fibers are doing all or nothing?

A single muscle contraction

what are the 3 phases of a single muscle contraction and how long are each.

How long is the entire muscle contraction?

Muscle shortening can occur in the absence of action potentials. This type of shortening is referred to as what?

Difference between Physiologic contracture and rigor mortis?

Contraction strength varies and is achieved by what 2 ways?

The summation of one motor unit causes a weak contraction, whereas the stimulation of a large number of motor units develops a strong contraction. What is this known as?

All gradations of contraction strength are possible, depending on the ___ of motor units stimulated.

increasing the strength of contraction by wave summation occurs when the frequency of contraction is increased.

When a muscle is stimulated to contract before the muscle has relaxed, the strength of the subsequent contraction is ___.

When the frequency is sufficient such that the individual muscle twitches become fused into a single prolonged contraction, the strength is at a maximum; this condition is known as...

a bacterial disease caused by a potent neurotoxin elaborated by the organism Clostridium tetani.

Once Clostridium tetani reaches the CNS and prevents the release of an inhibitory transmitter called ____.

Tetanus has been called "____" because the masseter muscles that close the mouth are stronger than the muscles that open it.

Muscle seems to "warm up" to a maximum contraction state. This can be shown by applying stimuli of equal intensity a few seconds apart to muscle. Each successive muscle twitch has slightly more strength that the previous one, until optimal contraction strength is reached. This is called ___.

the 2 main compounds involved in the catabolism of nutrient molecules.

the sugar that is the primary energy source for most body cells, including the muscle cells

Glucose is stored in the fibers in the form of _____, and oxygen is stored attached to large protein molecules called ____.

As long as the oxygen supply is adequate to keep up with the energy needs of the fiber, the process is known as _______, and the maximum amount of energy is extracted from each glucose molecule.

is not as efficient as aerobic metabolism and results in lactic acid formation as a byproduct of incomplete glucose breakdown.

If heat production exceeds body needs, the excess must be eliminated by mechanisms such as _____.

Under cold conditions, the body may need to increase the production of heat to avoid _____. It often does this by producing the small, spasmodic muscle contractions we know as ____.

What is Cardiac muscle aka?

What 2 things does cardiac muscle have that skeletal and smooth does not?

Cardiac muscle cells are ______ than skeletal muscle cells and have ____ nucleus per cell.

2 facts about cardiac muscle contractions

The impulse that starts each heart beat begins in the heart's "pacemaker",  or the ________ located in the wall of the right atrium.

Smooth muscle is found in two main forms:

Large sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs

Small, discrete groups of cells

are small and spindle shaped with a single nucleus in the center.

_____ stimulation decreases visceral smooth muscle activity, and _____ stimulation increases it.

Where visceral smooth muscle is large and relatively powerful, multiunit smooth muscle is _____.

Multiunit smooth muscle is made up of

Contractions of multiunit smooth muscle are _____. They require impulses from autonomic nerves to contract.

The actions of multiunit smooth muscle are...

small iris

dilated iris