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Taxonomy
Binomial nomenclature- scientific classification and naming of organisms (Genus & Specific epithet) species names
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Systematics
Scientific study of kinds of organisms with the aim of understanding the evolutionary relationships between organisms and construction of a phylogenetic tree that relates organisms
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Cladistics
Evolutionary taxonomy that arranges taxs by analysis of primitive and derived characteristics
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Genus
First name n binomial nomenclature, which species belongs
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Specific Epithet
Second name in binomial nomenclature specific to the organism
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Eponyms
Organisms named after their founder or a namesake
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Dichotomous Key
A tool to identify a species in the lab or in the field
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Eukaryotic
Have a nucleus and membrane made up of multi and single cells
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Prokaryotic
Lack a nucleus, made up of single cells
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Autotrophic
"Self feeder" inorganic carbon source
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Heterotrophic
"Other Feeder" organic carbon source
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What is the eight tier classification?
- 1. Domain
- 2. Kingdom
- 3. Phylum
- 4. Class
- 5. Order
- 6. Family
- 7. Genus
- 8. Specific epithet
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What are the three Domains?
- Bacteria
- Archaeabacteria
- Eukarya
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List the six Kingdoms including if they are Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes and Autotrophic/Heterophic.
- Archaebacteria Prokaryote Hetero
- Eubacteria Prokaryote Hetero & Auto
- Protista Eukaryote Hetero & Auto
- Plantae Eukaryote Hetero
- Fungi Eukaryote Auto
- Animalia Eukaryote Hetero
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Pathogenic
causing or capable of causing disease
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Zoonotic
an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals other than humans
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Binary Fission
a method of asexual reproduction that involves the splitting of a parent cell into two approximately equal parts
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Bacterial conjugation
the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or bridge-like connection between two cells
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Endospore
is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria
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Cyanobacteria
blue-green bacteria, by producing oxygen as a gas as by-product of photosynthesis, cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one
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Gram Stain
method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram negative)
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Bacterial Shapes:
Coccus-
Bacillus-
Spirillium-
- Coccus-Round
- Bacillus-Rod
- Spirillium-Spiral
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Kingdom Protista Traits
- Decomposers
- Photosynthesis CO2 Production
- Base of food chain
- Mutualistic & Parasitic Relationships
- Commercial Uses
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Red Algae
Autorophic
Chlorophyll a & c
Can absorb light at greater depths
Phycobillins
Agar
 P- hylum Rhodophyta
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Green Algae
Autotrophic
Starch
Cellulose
Chlorophyll a & b
Volvox
  Phylum Chlorophyta
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Brown Algae
Autotrophic
Multi-cellular
Chlorphyll a & c and fucoxanthin
Bladder Thallus
Phylum Phaeophyta
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Red tide
neurotoxins
flagella
dinoflagellate
Phylum Pyrrophyta
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Used in commercial products, toothpaste, cleaners, filtering media
diatoms
Contains silica in cell wall
Phylum Chrysophyta
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Tsetse fly
mixotrophic
hemoflagellate
African sleeping sickness
Animal like protists
Phylum Euglenozoa
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Hetero
Endoplash
Ectoplasm
Contractile vacuole
Pseudopods
Phylum Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)
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Food vacuole
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Oral groove
Phylum Ciliphora
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Saprobes
one of three types of fungi that eat dead material
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hyphae
hyphae are filaments that make up most(coenocytic)multicellular fungi
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mycelium
hyphae grouped together into a mass
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Rhizoids
modified hyphae that anchor fungi to a substrate
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Heterotrophic
organism that obtains carbon and energy from eating another organism; in fungi they release digestive enzymes onto a food source, partially dissolving the source to make the essential nutrients available
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Gametangia
area in the hyphae where fungi produce gametes
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Dikaryotic
containing two genetically distinct haploid nuclei; in fungi their two nuclei remain distinct for a portion of the life cycle
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Decomposer
organism that consumes wastes and dead organic matter, returning inorganic nutrients to the ecosystem
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Pathogen
disease-causing agent
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Mutualism
type of symbiosis that improves the fitness of bothpartners
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1. Explain the role of Kingdom Fungi
Fungi play vital role in ecosystems and are economically essential; without certain species of fungi serving as decomposers, ecosystems would collapse; decomposers break down dead organisms, leaves, feces, and organic matter and recycle their chemical components back into the environment; also, many species of pants depend upon mutualistic fungi to help their roots absorb minerals and water from the soil
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Kingdom Fungi - Characteristics
- · Hyphae---Mycelium·
- Coenocytic (multicellular) dikaryotic· Haustoria (parasitic fungi) penetrates the tissues of a host·
- Rhizoids – anchor fungi to a substrate· Septate (cross walls in their hyphae) –Nonseptate (multinucleated and contain numerous nuclei in the cytoplash· Dikaryotic (Axso & Basidio) n & n·
- Lack Sexual Dimorphism (+/- mating spores)·
- Gametangia (sexual-asexual = classification)
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Bread Mold
Non-Dikaryotic
Sexual r asexual
3 types of hypae
Rhizoids
Stolons
Sporangiophore
Phyla Zygomycota
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Yeast, Truffles, Penicillium
Dikaryotic
Septate hyphae
Asci with ascocarps
Sexual reproduction
Conidiosphores with conidia asexual reproduction
Phyla Ascomycota
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Mushrooms, puffballs, smut, shelf fungi
dikaryotic (karyogamy prior to meiosis)
Septate hyphae
Basidiocarp-fruiting body
Basidia with sterigmata holding spores
Phyla Basidiomycota
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Three basic types of lichens?
Crustose lichens-form brightly colored patches or crusts on rock or bark
Foliose lichens-appear to have leaf-like thalli that overlap, forming a scaly, lobed body on tree bark and human made structures
Fruticose lichens-appear shrub like or hanging moss on trees
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An organism that is made up of a fungu and associated green alga or cyanobacteria is________.
Lichen
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Why are some fungi call imperfect?
Because scientist have not been able to determine the asexual reproduction
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What type of relationship is mycorrhizae an example f and between which organisms does this relationship exist?
Mutualistic Relationship such as Fungi & Plantae
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Define Vascular tissue, Xylem & Phloem
- Vascular tissue- specialized conducting tissue
- Xylem- tissue that conducts water and minerals
- Phloem-tissue that conducts organic nutrients from one part of the plant to another (photosynthates)
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nonvascular plants
lack specialized conducting tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant’s body
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Seedless vascular plants
include ferns, club mosses which do not produce sees, they have true roots, stems, and leaves but sperm is flagellated and require water for reproduction so are limited to moist areas
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seed plants
comprise the largest group of vascular plantsand include plants such as ginkgos, cycads, conifers, and zinnias
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alternations of generations
life cycle of plants; in this process, two distinct generations give rise to each other
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Sporophytes
generation is diploid (2n); it produces haploidspores that undergo cell division to form a gametophyte
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Gametophytes
haploid (n) generation is characterized by theproduction of male and female gametes through cell division; nonvascular plantsgametophyte generation is dominant, but seedless vascular plants and seedplants, the sporophyte generation dominates
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Non-vascular "Liverworks"
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Approximately 8,000 species have been identified ·
Flattened, liver-shaped bodies·
Live in moist environments·
Capable of asexual and sexual reproduction ·
80% of liverworts are considered leafy· Two distinct types:
o Thallus liverworts§ Leaf-like lobed bodies§ Found along creek banks
o Leafy liverworts§ Resemble mosses§ Found in tropical environments
Phylum Hepatophyta
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Non-vascular "Mosses"
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True Mosses·
Nearly 15,000 species have been identified·
Gametophyte stage of mosses consists of small, spirally leaf-like structures· Blades of leaf-like structure are one cell layer thick·
Asexual and sexual reproduction·
Most live in moist environments of the temperate zone·
Commercial uses Sphagnum, or peat moss·
Used as absorbent for wounds in World War I & II
Phylum Bryophta (Polystichum spp.)
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Vascular "Lycopodium"
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Approximately 1,150 species ·
Known as ground pines, club mosses, quillworts·
Considered most ancient group of seedless vascular plants·
Found in tropics and moist, temperate regions of earth·
Best known:
o Lycopodium (ground pines)
§ Moistforest floors§
Usually only 30 cm in length§
Medical uses include emetic, as baby powder and warming agent
§ Used in controlled explosionso Selaginella
§ Approx. 700 species
§ Live in moist regions
§ Scale-like leaves on branching stem
§ Leaves have a distinct ligule, or tongue
Phylum Lycophyta
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Vascular "Ferns"
Phylum Pteridephyta
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Seedless vascular plants
include ferns, club mosses which do not produce sees, they have true roots, stems, and leaves but sperm is flagellated and require water for reproduction so are limited to moist areas *reproduce through the production of spores as their ancestors did
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Roots
are plant organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and, in addition , anchor a plant
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Stem
– are vascular plant organs that support leavesand reproductive structures
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leaves
are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants
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sporophytes
generation is diploid (2n); it produces haploidspores that undergo cell division to form a gametophyte
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Gametophytes
haploid (n) generation is characterized by theproduction of male and female gametes through cell division; nonvascular plantsgametophyte generation is dominant, but seedless vascular plants and seedplants, the sporophyte generation dominates
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Rhizome
a horizontal usually underground stem that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes
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Frond
the leaves of ferns
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one of the two major groups of seed plants; gymnosperms consist of the following four living phyla:
Ø Cycadophyta-the cycads and sago palms
Ø Ginkgophyta-only one living species, Ginkgo biloba
Ø Gnetophyta-three genera of unusual plants
Ø Coniferophyta-the largest phylum, consisting of plants including pine, spruce, sequoia, juniper, cedar, and cypress
Gymnosperms
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one of the two major groups of seed plants “flowering plants”; the majority of living plants on Earth are angiosperms, placed in phylum Magnoliophyta; Examples of angiosperms are cacti, oaks, grasses, tulips, sycamores, and magnolias
Angiosperms
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structures of seed plants containing the female sex cells with the potential to develop into seeds at the tips of their slender branches
Ovules
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production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants
Heterosporous
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multicellular male gametophytes (microspores)
pollen grains
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when pollen is carried from the male reproductive organs to the female reproductive organ in a number of ways, including wind, insects, and birds
Pollination
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modified leaves that enclose the sporangium
Integument
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provides the embryonic plant with essentialnourishment and protection (plant embryo w/endosperm)
Seed
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is what the seeds of angiosperms are encased in (mature ovary)
Fruit
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having separate sexes and produce distinct malepollen cones and female seed cones (need two people; separate male & femaleplants)
Dioecious
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unisexual reproductive organs or flowers, with the organs or flowers of both sexes borne on a single plant, as in corn and pines
Monoecious
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mega sporangia =>eggs
Ovulate cone
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microsporangia=>pollen=>sperm
Pollinate cone
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Ovulate cone
Staminate cone
Pine pollenTube cell
Microsporangia
Megasporangia
Ovuliferous scale
Life Cycle Pine –
Phylum Coniferophyta
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structures of seed plants containing the femalesex cells with the potential to develop into seeds at the tips of their slenderbranches
Ovules
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“air plants” which attach to a substrate such as another plant or the side of a building (Spanish moss)
Epiphytes
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two embryonic leaves contained within a seed of dicots (flowering plants)
Cotyledons
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are flowering plants with a single cotyledon
Monocot
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are flowering plants whose seed contains twoembryonic leaves, or cotyledons
Dicot
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involves the joining of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm); one sperm fertilizes the egg cell and the other sperm combines with the two polar nuclei of the large central cell of the embryo sac; the sperm and haploid egg combine to form a diploid zygote, while the other sperm and two haploid polar nuclei form a triploid nucleus(2n Zygote +Tiploid(3n) Endosperm = food for Zygote)
double fertilization
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– tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization; it surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch
Endosperm
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Mono and Dicot Seed Structure
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Mono and Dicot Stem Root cross section
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Root System
roots and their ancillary structures comprise theroot system of a plant
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Shoot system
stem and leaves and their ancillary structures comprise the shoot system of a plant
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Radicle
root-like structure that emerges from the embryo and forms the first root
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Tap root
tap roots form from the radicle; tap rootsanchor he plant and seek deep water supplies
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produced by the stem or another plant someplants part
Fibrous root
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– increase the surface area of the root and, therefore, its ability to absorb water and nutrients
root hairs
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group of specialized cells at the tip of theroot; major function is to protect the delicate inner root from abrasive soil
root cap
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located at the tip of the twig, contains the tipof the shoot
Terminal bud
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located within the terminal bud is enveloped byimmature leaves
apical meristem
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mark the region of the stem where a leaf or leaves were attached by a stalk called a petiole
nodes
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a stalk that a leaf or leaves attach to
petiole
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the region between the nodes, which increases inlength as a stem grows
internode
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can give rise to new branches or flowers are located between the petiole and he stem
axillary bud
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blades can vary in size and shape but are typically flattened (leaf)
Blade
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a leaf that has a single blade, such as azalea and birch leaves
simple leaf
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a leaf if it is divided into smaller leafletssuch as an ash tree and pecans
compound leaf
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on a typical leaf is present n both sides of the blade; it is transparent nd does not undergo photosynthesis
epidermis
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on a horizontal leaf, openings that are foundmostly on the underside, stoma are essential for gas exchange
stomata
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regulate the openings of a stoma
guard cells
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held within bundle sheaths house the vasculartissue of a plant; the veins of a leaf are composed of xylem on topside of avein and phloem on the bottom side of a vein
veins
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“ground tissue” in a typical leaf is composed of parenchyma
Mesophyll
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waxy cuticle above the epidermis on many leavesimportant in water relationships nd in discouraging insect predation
cutin
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are exclusive reproductive organs of angiosperms
Flower
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is a structure derived from the ovary of a plantand its accessory tissues; fruits house, protect, nourish, and aid in thedissemination of seeds
Fruit
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is an edible part of a plant derived frompetioles, leaves, specialized leaves, roots, stems, or flowers
Vegetable
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is a ripened ovule of a plant that contains anembryo housed in a protective coat and nourished by stored food
Seed
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