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afterload
a measure of the vascular resistance that the left ventricle must overcome in order to eject blood during contraction
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cardiac glycoside
drug obtained from plants of the genus digitalis
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cardiac output (CO)
the amount of blood pumped per minute by the heart
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chronic heart failure (CHF)
condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to the tissues of the body
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digitalization
method of dosage with cardiac glycosides that rapidly produces effective drug levels
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ectopic beat
extra heartbeat, a type of cardiac arrhythmia
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hypercalcemia
high serum calcium
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hyperkalemia
high serum potassium
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hypokalemia
low serum potassium
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maintenance dose
daily dosage of cardiac glycoside that maintains effective drug levels in the blood
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Na/K adenosine triphosphatase (Na/K ATPase)
enzyme that energizes the sodium/potassium pump and is inhibited by cardiac glycosides
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preload
refers to venous return, the amount of blood returning to the heart that must be pumped
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antiarrhythmic drug
drug used to restore normal cardiac rhythm
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arrhythmia
disorder of cardiac conduction and electrical impulse formation
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cinchonism
quinidine toxicity, which is characterized by ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness, and headache
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ectopic focus
area of the heart from which abnormal impulses originate
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premature atrial contraction (PAC)
premature contraction of the atria, usually caused by an ectopic focus.
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premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
premature contraction of the ventricles, usually caused by an ectopic focus
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proarrhythmia
an arrhythmia caused by administration of an antiarrhythmic drug
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supraventricular arrhythmia
arrhythmia that originates above the AV node in the atria
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torsade de pointes
a type of proarrhythmia that causes ventricular tachycardia and fainting
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ventricular fibrillation
the most serious arrhythmia; usually a terminal event where ventricular contractions are no longer able to effectively pump blood
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angina pectoris
chest pain due to decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the heart
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atherosclerosis
fatty degeneration of arteries due to accumulation of cholesterol plaques
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coronary artery
artery that supplies blood flow to the heart
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
condition due to atherosclerosis and insufficient blood flow to the heart
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exertional angina
angina pectoris caused by increased physical exertion
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ischemia
insufficient blood flow to a tissue
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variant or Prinzmetal angina
angina pectoris caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries
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aldosterone
hormone released from adrenal cortex that causes the retention of sodium from the kidneys.
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)
drug that inhibits the enzymatic conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
drug that blocks receptors for angiotensin II
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angiotensin II
potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates release of aldosterone and antidiuertic hormone
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hormone from the posterior pituitary gland that causes retention of water from the kidneys
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blood pressure (BP)
the pressure of the blood within the arteries; depends primarily on the cardiac output and the peripheral resistance
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cardiac output (CO)
the amount of blood pumped per minute by the heart
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essential hypertension
major form of hypertension for which the cause is unknown
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heart rate (HR)
number of heartbeats per minute
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hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure
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malignant hypertension
hypertensive crisis associated with inflammation and vascular damage
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peripheral resistance (PR)
resistance generated by the flow of blood through the arteries
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renin
enzyme released by kidneys that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
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secondary hypertension
form of hypertension in which the cause is known
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stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood pumped per heartbeat
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