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What is Science?
To know or to learn
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Two methods of science?
- 1. Repeated, Verifiable Observations
- 2. Scientific Method
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What is a Hypothesis?
- Possible Explanation
- (A good Hypothesis is testable)
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What is a Theory?
An Accepted Explanation
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The Scientific Method is Subjective or Objective?
Objective
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What is the difference between Objective and Subjective
- Objective is by the data with no outside influence.
- Subjective is like a person's 'gut feeling'
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All living things are made up of 1 or more of these.
Cells
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All Cells have contained at one time:
- -Plasma membrane
- -DNA
- -Metabolism
- -Small
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What is a cell's metabolism?
- -Need food
- -Produce waste
- -Need O2
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Cell
a bag of chemicals preforming precisely controlled chemical reactions
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Two major groups of cells
Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
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Eukaryotes characteristics
- "large" (100-1,000x bigger)
- Multiple chromosomes in Pairs(Linear)
- Organelles
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Prokaryotes Characteristics
- "Small"
- Single Circular Chromosome (Circle)
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Organelles
A membrane bounded structure within a cell
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What does something have to pass through to get into or out of the cell?
Plasma Membrane
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Nucleus
Concentrates chemicals needed to build DNA
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Mitochondria
concentrates chemicals need to make ATP (# varies cell to cell)
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Chloroplast
concentrates chemicals needed for Photosynthesis (# varies cell to cell)
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
- 1. Lipid Synthesis
- 2. Sex hormones
- 3. Detoxification
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
has Ribosomes on its surface, makes Protein.
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Cytoskeleton
protein fibers that line the inside of the cell
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Golgi
along with the cytoskeleton they create the package and delivery system
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Plasma membrane
is flexible
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Cell membrane is referred to as
Phospholipid Bilayer
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Phospholipid Bilayer
like bumps on a basketball
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Phosphate is
Hydrophillic (Water loving)
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Hydrophillic
Water loving
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Lipids are
Hydrophobic (water hating)
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Diffusion
relies on kinetic energy
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3 types of diffusion
- -Simple
- -facilitated
- -osmosis
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All diffusion
- goes from an area of high concentration to low concentration
- eventually reaching dynamic equilibrium
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Simple diffusion
Greater chance of molecule getting into by being knocked into it
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Facilitated Diffusion
Transporter proteins, Carbohydrates allow certain compounds in
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Osmosis
diffusion of water selectively permeable membrane
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Hypotonic
High concentration of water
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Hypertonic
Lower concentration of water
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isotonic
Concentration of water is the same
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Atom
Smallest part of an element
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Nucleus
- contains protons+ and neutronssurrounded by electrons-
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the charge of an atom is called
Ion
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Carbon
- - can create 4 bonds
- - how many bonds and typed determines size and shape
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Classes of Macromolecules
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids
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macromolecules, proteins
structural, most enzymes are proteins
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macromolecules, carbohydrates
structural, medium energy storage, molecule recognition
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Macromolecules, Lipids
structural, long term energy storage, lubricates skin
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macromolecules, nucleic acids
Genetic material; DNA, RNA
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Solution
Made up of a solvent that things are dissolved in, after it is dissolved it is a solute
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Cohesive
attraction of like molecules
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Adhesive
Attracted to unlike molecules
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Dissociates
Water molecule breaking up, can be a base or an acid at the same time
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Mitosis
- Division of Genetic material
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Cytokinesis
- Division of the rest of the cell
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Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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Anaphase
chromosomes are being pulled away from eachother
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Daughter cell
identical to original cell, but smaller in size
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Meiosis
- Sex cells
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Cellular Respiration
Fermentation & Aerobic Respiration= make ATP
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Glycolysis
Changes glucose (1 cell) into Pyruvate (2 cells)
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Fermentation
- *2 ATP
- *By-products
- -Ethanol
- - Lactic Acid
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Aerobic Respiration
- *Takes place in Mitocondria
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Aerobic Respiration Creates
- -NADH
- -2 ATP
- -CO2-Carbon Skeletons
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Terminal Electron Acceptor
Oxygen
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ATP
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
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ADP
Adenosine Di Phosphate
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Electron Transport Chain
Appox. 36 ATPs
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Evolution
Change over time
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Biological Evolution
change in gene frequency over time
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Evolution types
Fact & Theory of Evolution by Natural Selction
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Evolution, Fact
- *Demonstrate
- *Human Induced Selection
- - Breeding Livestock
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Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
- 1. Lots of babies
- 2. Genetic differences
- 3. Environmental Pressures
- 4. Different rates of survival
- 5. Geologic time & New Species
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Biological Species Concept
Two populations that come together and do not breed, are probably two different species.
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Stephen Jay Gould
Punctuated Equilibrium
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Punctuated Equilibrium
Things evolve quickly then remain unchanged for long periods of time
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Darwin
- *Comparative anatomy
- *Fossil Record
- *DNA analysis
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Orgin of life
cannot be proven
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Enzymes
- Catalyze Reactions
- -Hold & Position Reactions
- -"Tweak"
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Enzyme, Active site
a place for the enzyme to go into another enzyme
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Enzymes characteristics
- *Active Site
- * Proteins
- - denature
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Enzyme Inhibition
body will shut down enzymes for a short period of time. can lead to denature
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Anabolic
Small molecules put together to make large ones
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Catablolic
Large molecules broken up into smaller ones
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Photosyntesis
Conversion of Light energy into chemical energy
Sunlight+ CO2+ H2O+ Chloraphyll -------> C6H12O6 + O2^
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Quality and Quantity of light for Photosynthesis
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Chloraphyll A
manages light to convert to Chemical energy (Active)
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Chloraphyll B
transfers additional energy to A. (Booster)
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Light Dependent reaction
- Produces:
- - O2^
- - NADPH, the H goes to Light Independent and NADP is recycled
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Light Independent reaction
Glucose
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Thylakoid Complex
- Light Dependent.
- The blue green is light independent.
- Both are at different PH levels, If mixed enzymes would denature.
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Most significant reaction of earth?
Photosynthesis
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