dynamics of addiction 1

  1. 1.              The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) places all substances which were in some manner regulated under existing federal law into one of five schedules. This placement is based upon the substance's _________, ________, and ________. 
    medical use, abuse potential, dependency
  2.           Give an example of a drug from each of the five schedule classifications:
    • 1. heroin
    • 2. morphine
    • 3. benzephetamine
    • 4.alprazolam (xanax), propoxyphen
    • 5. robitussin AC
  3. What are the four indicators that a drug or other substance has a potential for abuse?
    • (1) There is evidence that individuals are taking the drug or other substance in amounts sufficient to create a hazard to their health or to the safety of other individuals or to the community.
    • (2) There is significant diversion of the drug or other substance from legitimate drug channels.
    • (3) Individuals are taking the drug or other substance on their own initiative rather than on the basis of medical advice from a practitioner.
    • (4) The drug is a new drug so related in its action to a drug or other substance already listed as having a potential for abuse to make it likely that the drug will have the same potential for abuse as such drugs, thus making it reasonable to assume that there may be significant diversions from legitimate channels, significant use contrary to or without medical advice, or that it has a substantial capability of creating hazards to the health of the user or to the safety of the community. Of course, evidence of actual abuse of a substance is indicative that a drug has a potential for abuse.






  4.         Give an example of a Federal Trafficking penalty:
    • heroin
    • 1st offense- not less than 5 yr not more than 40, but if death or serious injury not less than 20 yr or no more than life. fine $5 million for individual, $25 million group

    2nd offense not less than 10 yr and not more than life. if death or serious injury- life imprisonment. fine of $8 million individual, $50 million for group
  5.    The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) regulates five classes of drugs. They are? And give an example of a drug from each class. 
    • 1. narcotics: heroin
    • 2. depressants: benzodiazepine
    • 3. stimulants: cocaine
    • 4. hallucinogens: LSD
    • 5. anabolic steroids: testosterone
  6.           Give three examples of how narcotics are used therapeutically:
    dull senses, relieve pain, sense of well being- reduce tension, anxiety, aggression
  7.             Narcotic use is associated with a variety of unwanted effects. Give three examples:
    slow physical activity, nausea, slow breathing, drowsiness
  8.             Heroin binds to which nerve receptor site?
    opioid receptors
  9.            Accidental death from stimulants is partially due to effects on what body system? 
    regulating systems; ex cardiovascular and temperature
  10.              The euphoric effects of cocaine are almost indistinguishable from those of amphetamine except?
    cocaine stay shorter; amphetamine stays longer
  11.              Chronic abuse of ________ can produce a psychosis that resembles schizophrenia and is characterized by paranoia, picking at the skin, preoccupation with one's own thoughts, and auditory and visual hallucinations.
    stimulants/ meth
  12.              Benzodiazepines are classified in the CSA as? 
    depressants
  13.             A large percentage of people entering treatment for narcotic or cocaine addiction also report abusing benzodiazepines.
    a.     True
    b.     False
    true
  14.               Marijuana is the most frequently encountered illicit drug worldwide.
    a.     True
    b.     False
    true
  15.             In 1974, the average THC content of illicit marijuana was less than one percent. Today most commercial grade marijuana from Mexico/Columbia and domestic outdoor cultivated marijuana has an average THC content of about ___________        
    4 to 6 %
  16.           Amotivational Syndrome induced by chronic cannabis use is characterized by: 
    Long-term use of the drug, marijuana,  can also lead to a series of attitude and personality changes, known as “amotivational syndrome.” This syndrome is characterized by a diminished ability to carry out long-term plans, a sense of apathy, decreased attention to appearance and behavior, and decreased ability to concentrate for long periods of time. These changes can also include poor performance in school.
  17.           Give three examples of drugs with hallucinogenic properties:
    ecstasy/MDMA, spice, LSD
  18.            MDMA is known by the street name of ? Ecstacy
    beans , Adam
  19.              MDMA produces euphoria, increased energy, increased sensual arousal, and enhanced tactile sensations. However, the user will often experience:
    • problems with memory/ learning
    • confusion
    • anxiety
    • depression
    • paranoia
    • sleep problems
    • drug craving
  20.              Inhalants are a diverse group of substances that include volatile solvents, gases, and nitrites that are sniffed, snorted, huffed, or bagged to produce intoxicating effects similar to? 
    alcohol
  21.              The highest incidence of use is among what age group? 
    youth, up to 8th grade
  22.          The chronic use of inhalants has been associated with a number of serious health problems. Give three examples: 
    • weight loss
    • muscle weakness
    • disorientation
    • damage to nervous system
    • heart problems
  23.            When abusing steroids, to avoid a buildup of tolerance, users may employ a use pattern called a cycle. What is a “cycle”?  
    taking multiple doses of steroids over a specific period of time, stopping for a period, and starting again
  24. The CSA defines anabolic steroids as: 
    Anabolic steroids are synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring male hormone testosterone that are abused in an attempt to promote muscle growth, enhance athletic or other physical performance, and improve physical appearance.
  25.     The brain is a functional unit made up of billions of nerve cells called_________ that communicate with each other using electrical and chemical signals. 
    neurons
  26.            Then anatomy of a neuron is made of ________, _________, and ________.
    soma, dendrites, axon
  27. At the end of the axon is the ________, which makes a connection with another neuron.
    terminal
  28.               An electrical impulse (the action potential) travels down the axon toward the terminal. The terminal makes a connection with the dendrite of a neighboring neuron, where it passes on chemical information. This is the neurological process of:
    a.     Passing information from one nerve cell to the next a.
    b.     Stimulating blood flow to the brain.
    c.     Exfoliating the endocrine glands
    d.     Reproduction of brain cells
    a.     Passing information from one nerve cell to the next a.
  29.               The area of connection is called the ________.
    synapse
  30.          Describe the process of chemical neurotransmission:
    As an electrical impulse arrives at the terminal, it triggers vesicles containing a neurotransmitter, such as dopamine ,  to move toward the terminal membrane. The vesicles fuse with the terminal membrane to release their contents (in this case, dopamine). Once inside the synaptic cleft (the space between the two neurons)  the dopamine can bind to specific proteins called dopamine receptors on the membrane of a neighboring neuron.
  31.            Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter involved in the reward pathway
    a.     True
    b.     False
    true
  32.           Heroin binds to which nerve receptor site?
    opiate receptor: parts of cerebral cortex, VTA, nucleus accumbens
  33.           Give two examples of natural rewards that have survival value
    • food
    • water
    • sex
    • nurturing
  34.            The main brain structures involved in the reward center of the brain are:
    a.     The occipital lobe/myelin sheath
    b.      The ventral tegmental area (VTA)/ nucleus accumbens
    c.     The hippocampus/basal ganglia
    d.     The cerebellum/medulla              
    b.      The ventral tegmental area (VTA)/ nucleus accumbens
  35. 1.              A main feature of tolerance is:
         a.
    b.

     
    • a. state in which organism no longer responds to a drug
    • b. a higher dose is required to achieve the same effect
    • drugs repeated over time
  36.              Dependence occurs when:
    a.      
    b.      
     
    • a. neurons adapt to the repeated drug exposure and only function normally in presence of the drug
    • b. physical/disturbance occurs when the drug is removed
  37.              Addiction and Dependence are the same thing
    a.     True
    b.     False       
    false
  38.            Heroin increases the release of dopamine into the synaptic cleft, while cocaine decreases the re-uptake of dopamine leading to an increase of dopamine in the synaptic cleft.
    a.     True              
    b.     False
    true
  39.               Although each drug has a different mechanism of action, each drug increases the activity of the reward pathway by increasing ________ transmission.
    dopamine
  40.               Addiction is a chronic relapsing disease characterized by compulsive, often uncontrollable, ________ and ________ in the face of __________.
                
    • drug seeking
    • drug use
    • negative consequences
  41.               The judgement area of the brain is the _________ 
    prefrontal cortex
  42.              The emotion/memory area of the brain is _________
    amygdala
  43.             The reward center is made up of the ________ and the _________
    • nucleus accumbers
    • VTA
  44. The decrease of neural response to natural rewards is due to the damaging effects of overexposure to what neurotransmitter?
    domapamine
  45. 1.              Brain activity can be permanently altered through exposure to addictive drugs
    a.     True
    b.     False
    true
  46.             Long lasting brain changes from the effects of amphetamine use often trigger other changes in social and emotional behavior too, including a possible increase in _________, _________, and ___________.
    • aggressiveness
    • depression
    • feeling of isolation
  47. .              When drug craving occurs, the _________ becomes active and a craving for cocaine is triggered.
    amygdala
  48.             Research has shown for alcoholics a cognitive link between perceived stress and the urge to use alcohol
    a.     True       
    b.     False
    true
  49.              The drugs most often associated with substance related violence are:

    a.     ___________                                                  
    b.     ___________      
    c.     ___________      
     
    • a. alcohol
    • b. cocaine
    • c. amphetamine
  50.              The risk for suicide associated with alcohol dependence ________ with age.
    a.     Increases                  
    b.     decreases
    increase
  51.              Factors that place one individual at greater risk of becoming addicted than another individual with a similar pattern of drug use are:
    a.     Poor coping skills
    b.     Use at an early age
    c.      Genetic history of addiction
    d.     All of the above       
    e.     b and c
    d. all of the above
  52.           Drug abuse puts addicts at higher risk for other health problems Give 2 examples:
    a.      
    b.      
    • a. inhalants leads to disruption of heart rhythms
    • b. shorting cocaine lead to ulcerations in the mucous membranes of the nose
  53.             “Research has also taught us that addiction is a complex disease, influenced by a multitude of highly entangled factors. No single factor determines whether someone will or will not become addicted to drugs.”
    True   
    False     
    true
  54.            Give four factors that lead to the development of addiction:
    _______________, ___________, ___________, _________________
    • 1. biology/genes
    • 2. environment
    • 3. brain mechanism
    • 4. drug
  55.               Give at least three neurological conditions that exist in individuals with genetic factors for a higher risk to develop addiction:_________, ________, _________
    • 1. decrease "senstivity" to alcohol/drugs
    • 2. prolong response to alcohol/drugs
    • 3. lower levels of dopamine receptors
  56.              Neuroadaptation is?
    • tolerance- the more often the drug is used the more accustomed the brain becomes to its effects.
    • brain changes in response to a stimulation
  57. Drug abuse changes both the _________ of the brain and its __________.
    • function
    • structure
  58.        Give a specific example of both types of neurological change: _______, _______
    • change to neurons
    • release more dopamine
    • ?
  59. In the developmental process of the brain, adults have the capacity to rely on the prefrontal cortex in decision making. Adolescents rely on the __________ part of the brain
    emotional/ amygdala
  60.              What are the behavioral/ treatment implications of the above in working with adolescents? 
    • focus on decision making, social, biological factors that influence decision to use drugs
    • work around the amygdala
  61.            Subjects who had high levels of dopamine receptors found the experience (drug use) unpleasant, while those with lower levels of dopamine found it more pleasurable.
    True             
    False
    true
  62.           What are the implications for drug use behavior based on the above?
    • individual difference in a marker of dopamine function can influence an person's susceptibility to continue a drug
    • genetics
  63.             Possible reasons that mental illnesses and substance abuse tend to co-occur include: Give one:
    • self-medication- substance abuse begins as a means to alleviate symptoms of mental illness
    • causal effects
    • common or correlated causes
  64.        Substance abuse treatment should address the whole person and can include medications, behavioral therapies, and ancillary support services.
    True                   
    False
    true
  65.               Genetic Studies have found a single “addiction” gene predisposing persons to addiction.
    True
    False         
    false
  66.           Drug use has played a prominent role in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in which of the following ways?
    a.     Transmission due to IV drug use
    b.     Transmission due to impaired judgement/disinhibition leading to rsky sexual behaviors
    c.     Accelerated/severity of disease progression
    d.     Neurological complications
    e.     All of the above          
     
    e. All of the above
  67.               Relapse rates for drug addiction are similar to those of other well-characterized chronic illnesses. Give 2 examples:
    a.      
    b.      
    • a. type 1 diabetes
    • b. hypertension
Author
cc123
ID
239164
Card Set
dynamics of addiction 1
Description
dynamics of addiction 1
Updated