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Rhetorica ad Herennium
*Study Aid
- The first major Roman Rhetoric Text.
- The Rhetorica converts the Greek notion of epideictic speaking into demonstrative speaking.
- One of the most important contribution of the book was that it made concepts apparently unknown in Rome readily available, particularly ethos, pathos, and logos.
- Imitatio.
- The Rhetorica covert Greek theory into Latin, the most important contribution of The Rhetorica is its detailed study of organization.
- Develops a sophisticated theory of organization: The Rhetorica develops arrangement into the sections.
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.)
Divides rhetorical theory into 5 canons:
- 1. Invention
- 2. Organization
- 3. Style
- 4. Memory
- 5. Delivery
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Divides rhetorical theory into 5 canons: Invention
Ethos, pathos, and logos (used to make the speech believable)
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Divides rhetorical theory into 5 canons:
Organization
Used to arrange arguments and other elements of speech
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Divides rhetorical theory into 5 canons:
Style
Used for the selection of word and construction of sentences appropriate for the speaker, audience, message, and occasion
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Divides rhetorical theory into 5 canons:
Memory
To hold ideas in the head
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Divides rhetorical theory into 5 canons:
Delivery
The proper use of voice, gesture, and movement
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Imitatio
- became an important part of the Roman curriculum and was further developed by Cicero and Quintilian.
- -the teaching of eloquence through the reading, hearing, and speaking of paradigmatic models.
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Three kinds of speeches laid out by Aristotle
- 1. Demonstrative (epideictic)
- 2. Deliberative
- 3. Judicial (forensic)
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Rhetorica ad Herennium (Cont.):
Theory of organization:
- Exordium
- Narration
- Division
- Confirmation
- Refutation
- Conclusion
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Theory of organization:
Exordium
serves to make hears attentive, receptive, and well-disposed
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Theory of organization:
Narration
states the case, or tells the story
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Theory of organization:
Division
state facts stipulated by both sides, enumerates points to be made, and offers a brief preview of what is to come
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Theory of organization:
Confirmation
establishes the case and is the most important and developed part of most speeches. (Most important to rhetorical theory, mostly forensic speaking)
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Theory of organization:
Refutation
points out flaws in opponents’ arguments
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Theory of organization:
Conclusion
sums up, simplifies, and makes a final appeal to emotions
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Rhetorical Canon
- Invention
- Organization
- Style
- Memory
- Delivery
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The Stasis System
*Study Aid
- The stasis system establishes a catalogue of questions any speaker needs to ask to create a speech of defense or prosecution.
- The stasis system contains five categories of questioning:
- 1. Questions of Conjecture
- 2. Questions of Definition
- 3. Questions of Quality
- 4. Questions of Jurisdiction
- 5. Questions of Procedure
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Roman Rhetorical Style
- 3 Styles:
- Grand- to move
- Middle- to please
- Plain- to teach
(Need to get more detial page 125-130)
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Cicero
- Big on mortality
- Against Caesar because Caesar stood for the Empire while Cicero tried to save the Republic.
- Cicero on forensic speaking:
- invention & judgement; lines of argument; appeal to pity; if you don't do this, you don't get that. (threat)
- Virtue:
- closely tied with Rhetoric
- Emphasis on public image
- Auctioritas
- Gravitas
- Judgment is the ultimate quality of a good man
- Oratio: moral authority of the speech
- Two ways fo developing speech: Good judgement and ethical standards
- (Good man -> judge of character, Rhetoric can fall into the wrong hands)
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