-
what is aggression
- oBehavior
- intended to hurt another person
- o
- oAny
- behaviors whose intent is to inflict harm or injury on another living thing
- o
- oHostile
- or forceful action intended to dominate or violate
- o
- oBehavior
- that is intended to injury another person or to destroy property
-
hostile type of aggression
- nAct of aggression stemming from a
- feeling of anger aimed at causing pain or injury
- n“Hot”, impulsive, angry
-
instrumental aggresion
- pInstrumental
- nAct of aggression aimed at
- hurting someone for the purpose of fulfilling a goal
- n“Cold”, mediated, calculated
-
passive aggression
- nAct of
- omission
- nWithholding
- helpful behaviors
-
active aggression
- nct of
- commission
- nPerforming
- harmful behaviors
-
difference between violence and aggression
- nViolence
- is aggression that has its goal extreme harm, such as severe injury or death
- pAll
- violent acts are aggressive
- pNot
- all aggressive acts are violent
-
two theories that support the idea that aggresion is innate
- pPsychodynamic
- – human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts
- nEros-
- towards life, creation and love
- nThanatos-
- towards death, destruction and aggression
- pEvolutionary
- - Aggressive instinct has developed during the course of evolution because it
- promotes the survival of the species.
-
what are the two social learning theorys for aggressions
- nSocial
- learning theory
- pAggression
- is learned in the same way we learn social behaviors – by direct experience and
- observing others
- p
- pModeling: observing and copying or imitating the
- behavior of others
-
what are the four steps of the modeling process
- attention
- retention
- behavioral reproduction
- motivation
-
how does culture affect the inate nature of aggresion
- nEmphasis on fairness, equity and
- retaliation
- pViolence breeds more violence
- nChanges due to societal events
- pIroquois- from peaceful hunters
- to warriors
- nRegional differences
- p“Culture of Honor” - Nisbett
- nInvolve norms that endorse more
- violence and aggressive displays aimed at asserting one’s masculinity, pride
- and power
- nEvolved out of the desire to
- protect property and portable wealth (e.g. Cattle)
- nStill exists in southern men even
- though the economic situation is different
-
what are the internal causes of aggression
- nInternal causes of aggression
- pNeurological and chemical causes
- pAge and gender n–
- biological impulses to behave aggressively emerge around puberty
- pFrustration
- pMood
- pHostile cognitive bias
-
what are teh external causes of aggression
- nExternal causes of aggression
- pRejection, exclusion, and
- taunting
- pUnpleasant environments (pain and
- discomfort)
- p
- pDomestic and family violence***
- pWeapons effect***
- pMass media***
-
neurologial and chemical causes of aggression
o
- nNeurological and chemical causes
- n
pAmygdala
- nassociated with aggressive
- behavior
- p
- pTestosterone
- nmale sex hormone, increases
- aggression
- p
- pSerotonin
- nneurotransmitter, when low, more
- aggression occurs
- p
pAlcohol
-
nFrustration aggression hypothesis
(Dollard et al.)
- pThe
- occurrence of aggressive behavior always preceded by the existence of
- frustration; the existence of frustration always leads to some form of
- aggression
-
pFrustration:
- nBlockage/interference
- of a personal goal
- nOccurs
- due to relative
- deprivation: social comparison theory
- suggests that we compare ourselves to others to and if we are being deprived of
- something we think others get or have we will get upset and frustrated
-
nHostile cognitive bias
- pThe
- tendency to perceive ambiguous actions and social interactions as being
- aggressive
-
external causes of aggression
- nRejection, exclusion, and
- taunting
-
nDomestic violence:
- pviolence that occurs within the
- home or family, between people who have a close relationship with each other
-
Weapons effects
- pThe
- increase in aggression that occurs as a result of the mere presence of weapons
-
oReasons
exposure to violence in the media increases aggression
- 1.Social learning: If they can do it so can I
- 2.Imitation: Oh, so that is how you do it
- 3.Priming: I think it might be aggression I am feeling
- 4.Desensitization: Another brutal beating…so what else is on???
-
Social learning
- we learn through observing
- and imitating others
-
Scripts
- ways of behaving socially
- that we implicitly learn from culture.
-
Dehumanization
- process of seeing victims
- and nonhuman, which lowers inhibition against aggressive actions and makes
- continued aggression more likely
-
nDirty dozen of aggression:
1.Insult
- 2.Attack
- 3.Bad
- intentions
- 4.Unexpected
- interruption in progress toward a goal
- 5.Goal
- is near when progress is thwarted
- 6.Illegitimate
- or arbitrary blocking of progress toward goal
- 7.Relative
- deprivation
- 8.Aggressive
- cues
- 9.Aggressive
- models
- 10.Deindividuation in
- aggressor
- 11.Dehumanization
- of the victim
- 12.Environmental
- factors (heat, noise, crowding)
-
Catharsis
- : idea that “blowing off
- steam”- by performing an aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive
- behaviors, or engaging in an aggressive fantasy- will relieve built-up
- aggressive energy and reduce the likelihood of further aggressive behavior.
-
oIf we
see aggression or violence, we become more aggressive
oIf we
act aggressively or violent, we become even more aggressive or violent
o
-
oCan we reduce violence?
- nPunishment/rewards
- pRestrictive
- punishment can be frustrating
- pSevere
- punishment results in compliance but not internalization
- pRewards
- can help reinforce inhibitory responses
- nNonaggressive
- models
- nBuilding
- empathy
- pReduces
- tendency to dehumanize
- nParenting
- and teaching alternative scripts
-
What is a group
- n2 or more people perceived as having at least
- one of the following characteristics:
- ¨Direct interactions with each
- other over a period of time;
- ¨Joint membership in a social
- category based on sex, race or other attributes;
- ¨A shared, common fate, identity
- or set of goals.
-
nCategory
- ¨a class or group of things, ideas
- or people with some quality or qualities in common
-
nCategorization
- ¨process of creating categories
- some specific purpose
-
How do we identify a
category and how to we assign people to a category
- nPrototypes
- ¨Typical instances of a category
- nHeuristics
- ¨Simple rules for making complex decisions
- and judgments
- quickly
- nSchemas
- ¨Mental frameworks, developed through experience,
- centering around a specific theme, that affect the processing
- and organization of new social information.
-
nCategory-based
expectancies
- ¨Expectations about a category, such as expectations about
- people (e.g., their beliefs, traits, behavior, etc.) based on the groups they
- belong to.
- ¨What if these are exaggerated, flawed, or completely erroneous
- and inaccurate?
-
nPrejudice:
- ¨A (hostile or negative) attitude toward people in a
- distinguishable group, based solely on
- their membership in that group.
- ¨Based of generalizations derived from faulty or incomplete
- information
-
nStereotypes:
- ¨Cognitive frameworks that influence the processing of social
- information
- ¨A belief that associates a group of people with certain traits
- . Even when based on
- reality, stereotypes tend to exaggerate
- differences and understate similarities
- between groups
nStereotypes
-
nSociocultural
factors
- ¨Prevailing attitudes of society
- and those close to us
-
Contrast
Effects
- Effects A
- tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from expectation as even more
- different than they really are.
-
Illusory
Correlations
- overestimate association
- between variables
-
Subtyping
- form a new stereotype
- about a subset
-
Self-fulfilling
prophecy:
- process where expectations
- or stereotypes lead people to treats others (of a certain group) in a way that
- makes them confirm their expectation
-
nStereotype
threat
- ¨Those who are targets of negative
- stereotypes can confirm those stereotypes paradoxically – by trying to
- disconfirm them
- ¨
- ¨Apprehensiveness about confirming
- existing stereotypes
- ¨
- ¨Any group stereotyped as inferior
- can experience this
- ¨
- ¨If thinking about a negative
- stereotype can lower your performance on a test then some kind of alternative
- should be used to boost it
-
Stereotype Threat
- nThe apprehension experienced by members of a
- minority group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype.
-
Modern
racism:
- A form of prejudice that
- surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable
- and easy to rationalize
-
What leads to prejudice?
- nEvolutionary
- pressures- to favor own people
- nMedia-
- frequent, unrealistic portrayals of minorities and women
- nWicked
- culture (socialization)
- ¨“Us vs. Them”
-
Aronson; Five Basic Causes to prejudice
- nEconomic
- and political competition
- nTo gain material or power advantage
- nDisplaced
- aggression
- nScapegoating- blaming powerless individuals for something that is not their
- fault
- nMaintenance
- of status/self-image
- nSocial Identity Theory
- nThe prejudice personality
- nAuthoritarian, rigid in believes, conventional values,
- intolerant of weakness, highly punitive, suspicious, overly respectful to
- authority
- nCorrelated to early childhood experiences (insecure attachment,
- threatening parental discipline) and thought to be due to displaced aggression
- towards parents
- nConformity
- to norms
-
social identity theory
your personal identity is linked to your personal achivements
- your groups achievements and how they put down another group
- and both are liked to self esteem
-
Minimal intergroup
paradigm Minimum group paradigm
-
s versus Them
- nGroups are created on the basis of
- similarities, downplaying differences between members of the in-group and
- exaggerating the differences with members of different groups.
-
Out-group Homogeneity Effect
- In-group members
- perceive those in the out-group as more similar to each other (homogeneous)
- than they really are, as well as more homogeneous than the in-group members
- are.
-
In-group bias/favoritism
- – positive feelings and
- special treatment for people defined as part of the in-group.
-
Out-group bias
- snegative feelings and dicriminatory treatment
- for people defined as part of the out-group.
-
Ultimate
Attribution Error
- Our tendency to make dispositional
- attributions about an individual’s negative behavior to an entire group of
- people.
-
Fundamental
Attribution Error
- Illusory Correlation
- Confirmation Bias
-
Daryl
and Sandra Bem’s Nonconscious Ideology
- A set of beliefs many
- people hold (e.g., stereotypes, gender roles) because they cannot conceive of
- alternative conceptions of the world.
-
Implicit Attitudes-
- ninvoluntary, uncontrollable, and at times
- unconscious.
- ¨Can we measure or stop/reduce
- these?
-
How can prejudice be
reduced?
-
nChanges in behavior will result in changes in
attitudes, so increase direct contact
- nconditions must exist:
- ¨Equal status
- ¨Personal interaction
- ¨Cooperative activities
- ¨Social norms
-
exchange relationship
relationships that ther is a equal exchange between parties
-
communal realtionship
a relationship where everyone else benefits
-
anxious attachment style
you are nerous when parents leave
-
avoidance attachment stly
you get mad when parents are tehre
-
secure attachment stlye
you know that yo0ur parents will comeback whne they leave
-
¡Intimate Relationships
- lThree basic components:
- ¡Feelings of attachment,
- affection and love
- ¡The fulfillment of
- psychological needs
- ¡The interdependence between
- partners
-
Passionate
Love
- An intense longing we
- feel for a person. When in their presence we experience:
- ¡ physiological arousal
- ¡ shortness of breath
- ¡ increased heart rate
- ¡ bonding
- when reciprocated, the feeling is fulfillment
- and ecstasy, but when not, the feeling is sadness and despair
-
- ¡caring deeply for a
- person to whom we are committed but without the experience of passion or
- arousal in the person’s presence.
- ¡can be experienced in
- nonsexual relationships, such as close friendships, or in sexual relationships,
- where there is great intimacy but not great
- passion
-
3 Ingredients to Love
- ¡Intimacy: feeling of being close and bonded
- ¡
- ¡Passion: physiological arousal, sexual attraction
- ¡
- ¡Commitment: dedication or attachment
- lShort-term: “I love my partner” or Long-term: “I expect my love for my partner to last for
- the rest of my life”
-
-
-
-
Evolutionary Psychology
- The attempt to
- explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time
- according to the principles of natural selection.
-
The Person Next Door
Phenomenon
- ¡The Propinquity/Proximity
- Effect: One of the simplest determinants of
- interpersonal attraction is proximity
- ¡The Mere Exposure Effect: The proximity effect occurs due to mere
- exposure or our familiarity with someone.
- ¡
-
-
Gain-Loss Effect
- : theory that we like
- people more if we feel we have improved/gained in their evaluation of us and we
- dislike people more if we feel we have lost their favor
-
Pratfall Effect
- ¡we are attracted to competent people, but
- when a highly competent (superior) person commits a blunder (screws up) we
- actually come to like them more.
- lJFK after the bay of pigs
- lMartha Stewart and insider
- trading
- lOthers?
|
|
