B4

A gradual change in the distribution of species across a habitat

All the organisms living in a particular area

It can be mapped using a transect line and displayed using a kite diagram

He concluded that from his experiment that the growth of plants couldn't be purely down to the uptake of soil minerals, it had to be something else. He found this when he experimented by growing a willow tree.

That plants produced oxygen

More carbon dioxide, More light, a higher temperature which increases the enzyme action

1. Water is split up by light energy releasing oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. 2. Carbon dioxide gas combines with the hydrogen ions producing glucose and water.

That plants took minerals out of the soil to grow and gain mass

It lacks chloroplasts so it is transparent which means there are no barriers to the entry of light.

It contains most of the leaf's chloroplasts as it will receive most of the light.

They are loosely spaced so that diffusion of gases between the cells and the outside atmosphere can take place.

The arrangement of these cells create a large surface area to volume ratio so that large amounts of the gases can enter and exit the cells.

chlorophyll a and b, carotene and xanthophylls

To maximise the use of the Sun's energy as each pigment absorbs light of different wavelengths.

For support and the transport of chemicals such as water and glucose.

It can be estimated by obtaining data from a small sample and scaling up. You could use the capture - recapture method.

Population size = number in 1st sample x number in the 2nd sample / number in 2nd sample previous marked

• 1. There are no deaths, births or movement of the organisms. 
• 2. Identical sampling methods for both samples
• 3. The markings do not affect the survival of the organisms

A type of diffusion that depends on the presence of a partially- permeable membrane that allows small molecules like water to pass but not bigger ones like glucose.

The net movement of particles in a gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to a low concentration due to the random movement of the particles

Broad leaved

Living cells that are arranged in columns

Vascular Bundles in dicotyledonous plants (broad leaved)

Food

Water

The pressure exerted in the cell membrane by the cell wall when the cell is fully inflated

When plant cells are full of water with their walls bowed out and pushing against neighboring cells.

When too much water enters the cell and the cell swells up and bursts

When too much water leaves an animal cell it shows crenation by shrinking into a scalloped shape

Artificial fertilisers or pesticides

It uses living organisms to control pests

Extracellular digestion

Because they feed on dead and decaying material. (detritus)