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What is the reason that average IQ levels are rising?
primarily bc the lower levels are rising
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Do other factors beside intellingence competency affect IQ scores?
yes
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Wechsler intelligence scales) What was Wechsler dissatisfied about the 1937 S-B?
it only ended with one score
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Wechsler intelligence scales) what did wechsler think about the age scale concept on the 1937 S-B?
the age scale concept made it very difficult to evaluate the intellectual functioning of adults
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Wechsler intelligence scales) what did the added emphasis on speed in the S-B do?
it put older adults in a disadvantage
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Wechsler intelligence scales) what else did the S-B not cosider about intellectual performance?
intellectual performance could deteriorate in older adults
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Point scale concept) For what population was the Wechsler-Bellevue aimed for?
specifically adults
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Point scale concept) what was one problem with S-B in how its items were organized?
- there were different types of items at each age level and various types of items were scattered though out the test without an organization
- *a subject might have fail a section therefore the subject would not be able to be tested on other areas
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Point scale concept) what was the point scale? (2)
-items of similar content were grouped together
-subject would get a score reflecting how well they could do on each type of content
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What did Wechsler do to the raw scores on each scale?
- he standarized the scores (z-scores) so that each scale was population-referenced
- *this made it possible to compare an individuals performance on a given scale to all members of the standardization sample
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Why did Wechsler develop norms for each level of adults?
so that subject could be compared to others of their age group
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what is a deviation IQ?
it is a standard score with a mean of 100 and a SD of 15 (16 then).
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What did wechsler do to not have his test depend on verbal scores?
he made almost half of his test made up of nonverbal intellectual functions
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what was anotehr added a benefit of having nonverbal intellectual functions questions?
it provided the clinician with a good oppurtunity for observing behavior
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In 1955 what did Wechsler do?
changed the name of his test to Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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what significant improvements did he provide for WAIS? (1)
- Wechsler increased and broadened the standardization sample
- * he also changed few items, and changed name
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what year was the WAIS-R published?
1981
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WHen was WAIS-III published?
1997
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When was WAIS-IV?
in the summer of 2008
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how many verbal and non verbal did WAIS-III have?
- 7 and 7
- *not all are necessary to produce a full-scale IQ score
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verbal subtests) Vocabulary) What is vocabulary subtest most resistant to?
age and brain damage
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verbal subtests)Vocabulary- what type of intelligence is it?
- crystallized intelligence
- *once youve got it youve got it
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verbal subtests) vocab) what can it be used to evaluate?
premorbid IQ
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verbal subtests) vocab- what is premorbid IQ?
is before something happened that might have caused deterioration in general intellectual functioning
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verbal subtests) which subtest is mostly correlated with total score?
vocab
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verbal subtests) vocab- what is the main testing point for this?
asks subjects to define a list of increasingly less common and more abstract words
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verbal subtests) similarities- what does this test on?
- describing similarites of 15 paired items that increases in difficulty
- *how are ____ and a ____ alike?
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verbal subtests) similarities-how can a subject received full credit for their answers?
full credit is given for responses that name the highest level categories
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verbal subtests)arithmetic- how/what does this test on? (2)
-15 relatively simple questions of increasing difficulty
-they are read to the subject then subject must solve them in their head
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verbal subtests) arithmetic- what is this subtest susceptible to?
to the effect of brain injury or emotional problems
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verbal subtests) digit span- how/what does this test on? (2)
-requires the subject to repeat series of digits after the tester.
-half of the test is to be repeated forward and backward
*it keeps getting longer the more you get right
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verbal subtests) digit span- what can affect this subtest?
anxiety
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verbal subtests) Information- how/what does this test on?
a set of increasingly difficult requests for information
ex) name 2 generals of the army? how many people are in congress?
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verbal subtests) comprehension- how/what does this test on?
-mesures common sense
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verbal subtests) comprehension- what are the 3 types of questions?
-what should be done in a given situation?
-provide a logical explanation of some rule of phenomenon
-define proverbs
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verbal subtests) comprehension- what 2 things does this subtest reveal?
-can be a good estimate of premorbid functioning
-may reveal emotional and cultural problems
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verbal subtests) Letter-numbering sequencing-how/what does this test on?
seven sets of 3 items in which letters and numbers are given in an alternating sequence and individuals are asked to re-order the numbers then letter in a correct sequence
ex) Z,3,B1,2,A> 1,2,3,A,B,Z
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performance subtests) Picture completion- how/what does this test on? (2)
-picture is shown in which a important detail is missing
-subject must indicate what is missing or can point to the spot where the missing thing should be
**subtest is timed in that the subject must find correct answer withing 20 seconds or does not receive credtit
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performance subtests)(digit symbol coding) what/how does this test on? (2)
-subject is presented with boxes in which the top halves contains the number 1-9 and the bottom halves contain matching simple symbols, they are then shown boxes with bottom halves is empty
-subject must finish filling out the symbols in bottom halves with 90 second time limit
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performance subtests) digit symbol coding - what does this measure? (2)
-fine motor coordination and
-memory
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performance subtests) Block design- how/what does this test on? (2)
-nine plastic blocks are provided which are diagonally split into a red half and white half
pictures are presented to the subject whcih the subject must copy using the tops of the blocks
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performance subtests) matrix reasoning- description of test
individual is asked to choose one of the several boxes with a piece of pattern in them which will logically complete the pattern in the picture at the top of the page.
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performance subtests) picture arrangement- description of test
-the subject is given the squares of a cartoon sequence in the wrong order and must rearrange them into the right order so that they tell a story that makes sense.
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performance subtests) picture arrangement- what does this test measure?
how much a subject pays attention to apparently minor details that tell much about the correct order
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performance subtests) picture arrangement- how is subject reqrded for extra credit?
if he completes the tasks quickly
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performance subtests) symbol search- description of the test (3)
-the subject is shown two figures fillowed by 5 additional figures
-subject must figure out whether one of the first figures is contained in the second set and mark yes or no
-subject is timed; 120 secs for 60 items
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performance subtests) object assembly- description of test?
- -five cut up pictures of common objects in whcih pieces are scrambled order then the subject must assemble them into the correct object
- *picture puzzle
-time limit is placed on each item
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performance subtests) object assmebly- how is extra credit awarded?
rapid correct completion
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performance subtests) which subtest was replaced on the WAIS-IV and replaced wiht what?
WAIS-IV; Visual puzzles
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performance subtests) visual puzzles (new in WAIS-IV) description of test
testee is asked to assmeble a picture (colored) from some of the pattern presented
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performance subtests) what does the symbol search measure?
speed of information processing
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What is the mean and SD of subscales?
mean of 10 and SD of 3
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Whta is the mean and SD of VIQ, PIQ, FSIQ?
mean of 100 and SD of 15
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how are the 4 index scores calculated by?
- combining other subscale scores
- *again converted to standard scores
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what are the four index scores that are calculated by combining other subscale scores?
-verbal comprehension
-perceptual organization
-working memory
-processing speed
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interpreting scores and their comparisons)Verbal performance IQ- what number of IQ points is considered meaningful?
- 15
- *we do not know what it means
- could be : brain damage, problems with motor skills, non-verbal learning disorder, language problems, dyslexia, visual problems
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pattern analysis) what does a scatter pattern of scores indicate?
some sort of brain damage
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pattern analysis) do the subtests of a testee give a sort of pattern or scattered?
patterned
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pattern analysis) what is a strong indicator that person has declined from an earlier higher level of intellectual functioning?
if vocab is much higher than most of the other scores
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psychometric properties of the WAIS III) How is the standarization?
consisted of 2450 adults from all age groups and many geopgraphical and cultural groups
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psychometric properties of the WAIS III) how is the reliability?
- extremely high reliability scores
- *no matter how calculated and even longitudinally
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psychometric properties of the WAIS III) how is the validity?
WAIS correlates highly with a great number of other criteria of intellectual functioning
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do all 3 of wechslers IQ tests developed the same?
yes, same format and same basic types of subscales
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What age range was the WAIS designed for?
adults: 16 and up
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what age range was the WISC designed for?
children: 6-16
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what age range was WPPSI designed for?
children: 2 years 6months through 6
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what does the WPPSI stand for?
Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence
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what is the problem with IQ scores for young children and why?
the iq scores tend to be very unstable bc of their lack of language skills
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what does the current version of the WISC use a considerable amount?
item analysis
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what two types of intelligences do wechslers tests allow to compare?
fluid and crystallized intelligence
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