Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2

the transport pump of the cardiovascular system

a double-walled sac enclosing the heart

a serious life threatening inflammation of the pericardium

the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

the blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues

also known as the visceral layer; external heart surface which is an integral part of the heart wall

the middle layer of the heart; composed mainly of cardiac muscle; the layer that contracts

the inner layer of the heart wall; white sheet of endothelium resting on a thin connective tissue layer

superior heart chambers that receive blood

inferior heart chambers that pump blood

small, wrinkled appendages located on top of atria which increase atrial volume a bit

a shallow depression in the interatrial septum where an opening called the foramen ovale existed in the fetal heart

depression marking the spot of the foramen ovale in the fetal heart

returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm

returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm

collects blood draining from thee myocardium

transports blood from lungs to heart

the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium caused by vasospasm or stress induced from too much activity

prolonged coronary blockage leading to oxygen deficiency in affected area and cell death

narrowing and stiffening of the valve

prevent back-flow into the atria when the ventricles contract

right AV valve; has 3 flexible cusps

left AV valve with only 2 cusps; also known as bicuspid valve

contract with other ventricular muscles to apply pressure to the chordae tendineae

tiny white collagen cords attached to each AV valve anchoring them to the papillary muscle

aortic and pulmonary valves; guard the bases of the large arteries of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles; prevent back-flow into ventricles

generates impulses about 75 times/minute when person is resting; depolarizes faster than any other part of the myocardium; found in the right atrial wall

determines heart rate

smaller diameter fibers; fewer gap junctions so conducts impulses more slowly;

bundle of His; in the superior part of the interventricular septum; only electrical connection between atria and ventricles

two pathways in the interventricular septum that carry the impulses toward the apex of the heart

complete pathway into the apex and ventricular walls

abnormal pacemaker takes over

a composite of all the action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time

abnormal heart sounds most often indicative of valve problems

all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heart beat

contraction

relaxation

number of beats per minute

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heart beat

difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract

contractile strength at a given muscle length, independent of muscle stretch and EDV

pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood, pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk

not enough calcium; depresses heart

too much calcium; increases irritability of heart and may cause spastic contractions

not enough potassium; arrhythmias and weak beats

too much potassium; lowers resting potential and can lead to block and arrest

abnormally fast heart rate, greater than 100 bpm

heart rate slower than 60 bpm

poor blood flow to cardiac cells makes the heart weak and unable to contract

mild blow to the chest cause heart to stop

right sided heart failure due to excessive pressure in the pulmonary circuit