the Cell -quiz 3

phospholipid bilayer- semipermeable

Hydrophobic
eg: O_{2 ,} CO_{2 ,} & fats 

phosphorous group (polar head) - Hydrophillic part
glycerol backbone
2 fatty acids (nonpolar tail) - Hydrophobic part

water, glucose, amino acids

from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration

the diffusion of water

from HYPOTONIC to Hypertonic regions

isotonic-  cell is stable, concentration of water on inside is same as outside

hypertonic- water pours out of the cell, causing it to shrink

hypotonic- water pours in to cell, causing it to swell

less solute, more water

facilitated diffusion and active transport

no energy required, this is how glucose permeates cell membrane

energy required, this is how amino acids, sodium, potassium, etc permeates cell membrane

is the process of engulfing a solid particle by a completely wrapping around it.  It's like a sheet that envelopes- no mouth.  THis is how larger objects permeate cell

made of double membrane with pores, contains chromatin (the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. The primary functions of chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, 2) to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication)

the process by which a cell, which has previously replicated each of its chromosomes, separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets of chromosomes, each set in its own new nucleus

nucleotides!
specifically 
C G A T

nucleotides!
specifically
C G A U

A - T
C - G

its a message that tells you how to make a protein

DNA segment for one protein (about 20,000 protein coding genes in human)

DNA sequence gets converted to RNA

RNA copy of the gene (DNA segment, the message)

RNA message into amino acids

Amino acids joined together (according to the message that was transcribed)

DNA gets copied via RNA, RNA gets translated into specific combinations of amino acids- makes the protein.  Proteins make our characteristics

where the proteins are assembled from amino acids.  two types exist, free and bound

Forms an interconnected network of membrane vesicles (network inside the cell). 2 types: rough and smooth.

Rough: is studded with ribosomes aka bound (sites of protein synthesis for stuff outside the cell)

Smooth: smooth network without the ribosomes. concerned with lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification

secretion device, its like the shipping room

package of oxidative enzymes
where ATP is produced
self replicating
we inheirit all only from mom (inside ova)

packages of digestive enzymes
WBC digestion after phagocytosis
Apoptosis- programmed cell death
Necrosis- traumatic cell death

determines shape of the cell

sperm motility
Cilia- sweeping motion

tight junctions- welded
desmosomes- button
gap junctions- tubes (electrical charges past thru)

chemical process inside the cell.  Two types: anabolic---> put together
catabolic---> take apart

most common way: breakdown of food/glucose aka the oxidation of glucose

glycolysis ---> Kreb's cycle---> ATP

CO₂

water!  joins up with the oxygen we breath

no oxygen is available to aid in breakdown of glucose.  glycolysis makes the pyruvic acid, which turns into lactic acid b/c there is no oxygen (instead of entering kreb's cycle)

membrane-bound (i.e. inner mitochondrial membrane) heme-proteins they are primarily responsible for the generation of ATP (via electron transport)

soybeans