-
phospholipid bilayer- semipermeable
describe the cell membrane structure
-
Hydrophobic
eg: O2 , CO2 , & fats
what easily permeates a cell membrane?
-
phosphorous group (polar head) - Hydrophillic part
glycerol backbone
2 fatty acids (nonpolar tail) - Hydrophobic part
List the parts in a phospholipid
-
water, glucose, amino acids
What cannot easily pass through the cell membrane?
-
from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration
What is diffusion?
-
the diffusion of water
What is osmosis?
-
from HYPOTONIC to Hypertonic regions
what direction does water move?
-
isotonic- cell is stable, concentration of water on inside is same as outside
hypertonic- water pours out of the cell, causing it to shrink
hypotonic- water pours in to cell, causing it to swell
- CELL ENVIRONMENTS
- Isotonic
- hypertonic
- hypotonic
-
less solute, more water
What is a hypotonic solution?
-
facilitated diffusion and active transport
name two types of carrier mediated transport
-
no energy required, this is how glucose permeates cell membrane
facilitated transport
-
energy required, this is how amino acids, sodium, potassium, etc permeates cell membrane
active transport
-
is the process of engulfing a solid particle by a completely wrapping around it. It's like a sheet that envelopes- no mouth. THis is how larger objects permeate cell
define phagocytosis
-
made of double membrane with pores, contains chromatin (the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. The primary functions of chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, 2) to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication)
Nucleus
-
the process by which a cell, which has previously replicated each of its chromosomes, separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets of chromosomes, each set in its own new nucleus
Mitosis
-
nucleotides!
specifically
C G A T
DNA is made of
-
nucleotides!
specifically
C G A U
RNA is made of
-
A - T
C - G
How do nucleotides pair?
-
its a message that tells you how to make a protein
What does DNA do?
-
DNA segment for one protein (about 20,000 protein coding genes in human)
What is a gene?
-
DNA sequence gets converted to RNA
RNA copy of the gene (DNA segment, the message)
What is transcription?
-
RNA message into amino acids
Amino acids joined together (according to the message that was transcribed)
What is translation?
-
DNA gets copied via RNA, RNA gets translated into specific combinations of amino acids- makes the protein. Proteins make our characteristics
protein making process and expression
-
where the proteins are assembled from amino acids. two types exist, free and bound
What are ribosomes?
-
Forms an interconnected network of membrane vesicles (network inside the cell). 2 types: rough and smooth.
Rough: is studded with ribosomes aka bound (sites of protein synthesis for stuff outside the cell)
Smooth: smooth network without the ribosomes. concerned with lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
-
secretion device, its like the shipping room
Golgi apparatus
-
package of oxidative enzymes
where ATP is produced
self replicating
we inheirit all only from mom (inside ova)
Mitochondria
-
packages of digestive enzymes
WBC digestion after phagocytosis
Apoptosis- programmed cell death
Necrosis- traumatic cell death
Lysosomes
-
determines shape of the cell
Cytoskeleton
-
sperm motility
Cilia- sweeping motion
cell projections
-
tight junctions- welded
desmosomes- button
gap junctions- tubes (electrical charges past thru)
cell junctions
-
chemical process inside the cell. Two types: anabolic---> put together
catabolic---> take apart
Cell Metabolism
-
most common way: breakdown of food/glucose aka the oxidation of glucose
How is ATP formed?
-
glycolysis ---> Kreb's cycle---> ATP
Oxidation of glucose
-
CO2
Sugar (glucose) eventually gets broken into?
-
water! joins up with the oxygen we breath
The excess H (hydrogen) from krebs and cytochromes (stuff in the mitochondria) will eventually make....
-
no oxygen is available to aid in breakdown of glucose. glycolysis makes the pyruvic acid, which turns into lactic acid b/c there is no oxygen (instead of entering kreb's cycle)
Anaerobic
-
membrane-bound (i.e. inner mitochondrial membrane) heme-proteins they are primarily responsible for the generation of ATP (via electron transport)
what are cytochromes?
-
soybeans
What is the best PLANT source of amino acid Lysine?
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