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Genotype
actual set of genes a person inherits
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phenotype
genes that are actually expressed - characteristic is the result of the interaction of genotype and the environment
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alleles
different forms of same gene
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homozygous
same allele on a pair of chromosomes
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heterozygous
different alleles on a pair of chromosomes
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behavioral genetics
branch that deals with the inheritance of traits
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polygenic inheritance
phenotype reflects the combined activity of a number of distinct genes
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genetic disorders
resulting from inherited harmful genes
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down syndrome
an extra 21 st chromosome
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disorders of the sex chromosomes
- more common than down syndrome
- klinefelter's syndrome
- XYY complement
- Turner's syndrome
- XXX Syndrome
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niche-picking
people seek environments that fit their genotype
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Zygote
begins with fertilization of the egg by the sperm and ends when implanted in wall of the uterus (0-2weeks)
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Embryo
- 2-8 weeks
- period of rapid growth in which most of the major body structures are created
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Fetus
- 8 weeks - birth
- becomes much larger and many bodily systems necessary for life begin to function
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prenatal development influenced by
mother's age, nutrition, amount of stress experienced
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teratogens
drugs, disease, and environmental hazards can cause prenatal development to go awry
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impact of teratogens depends on...
genotype of organism, period of development when exposed (usually affect specific aspect of prenatal development)
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ultrasound
sound waves used to get "picture" of fetus in womb (non-invasive)
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amniocentesis
needle used to collect sample of amniotic fluid
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chorionic villus sampling
prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion
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stages of labor
- initial phase - cervix enlarges
- baby's journey - from uterus into the world (birth)
- delivery of the placenta
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natural childbirth
aims to reduce labor pain (less medication) by relaxation techniques
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(birth complication) lack of oxygen
when umbilical cord is pinched closed during delivery or their lungs do not work properly
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birth complications - born prematurely
lag behind full-term babies during 1st year, bust soon catch up
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birth complication - low birth weight
can develop normally when good medical care and supportive environment - babies with very low, or extremely low birth weight (do not fare well)
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birth complication - cephalopelvic
infant's head is larger than the pelvis, making it impossible for the baby to pass through the birth canal
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birth complications - irregular position
shoulder presentation - baby lies crosswise in the uterus and the shoulder appears first
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breech presentation
buttocks appear first
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preeclampsia
a condition in mothers characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and swelling in the extremities due to fluid retention
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prolapsed umbilical cord
umbilical cord precedes the baby through the birth canal is squeezed shut cutting off oxygen to the baby
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Infant mortality
in USA 9/1000 babies live less than one year
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