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Give a description of the cardinal frontal plane:
divides the body into front and back portions
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give a description of the cardinal sagittal plane:
divides the body into left and right portions
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give a description of the cardinal transverse plane:
divides the body into upper and lower portions
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motion that occurs in the frontal plane occurs around what axis:
anterior-posterior axis
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motion that occurs in the sagittal plane occurs around what axis:
medial-lateral axis
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motion that occurs in the transverse plane occurs around what axis:
vertical axis
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which of the following joints is biaxial (2 degrees of freedom)?
gliding
condyloid
ball-and-socket
hinge
condyloid
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which of the following illustrates motion in the frontal plane?
a discuss throw
jumping jacks
a bowling delivery
an overhead throw
jumping jacks
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adduction is defined as:
movement of a segment in two planes
movement of a segment away from the midline of the body
reduction of a joint angle
movement of a segment toward the midline of the body
movement of a segment toward the midline of the body
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a reduction of a joint angle is the definition of:
flexion
adduction
extension
abduction
flexion
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what do you call the movement when you are standing erect in the anatomical position and you:
bend your elbow from a fully straight to a 90 0 bent position:
elbow flexion
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what do you call the movement when you are standing erect in the anatomical position and you:
A. maintain the 900 elbow bent position(elbow flexion), but you turn your palm down:
B. turn your palm up:
- A. radioulnar pronation or internal rotation
- B. radioulnar supination
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what do you call the movement when you are standing erect in the anatomical position and you:
A. maintain the 900 elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm out so that your fingers are pointing directly away from your side:
B. turn your arm back so that your fingers are pointing directly forward:
- A. shoulder external rotation or lateral rotation
- B. shoulder internal rotation
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what do you call the movement when you are standing erect in the anatomical position and you:
straighten your elbow from a 900 bent positon:
elbow extension
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what do you call the movement when you are standing erect in the anatomical position and you:
A. move your arm laterally away from your side until it is parallel to the floor:
B. move your arm back down to your side:
- A. shoulder abduction
- B. shoulder adduction
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Give the synonyms that you find used for movements in the following list:
Ankle dorsiflexion:
ankle plantarflexion:
- dorsiflexion: toes point up
- plantarflexion: toes point down
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Give the synonyms that you find used for movements in the following list:
Spine flexion:
Spine extension:
spine lateral flexion:
- flexion: forward bend
- extension: backward bend (arch the back)
- lateral flexion: side bending
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Give the synonyms that you find used for movements in the following list:
wrist radial deviation:
wrist ulnar deviation:
- radial deviation: radial flexion or abduction
- ulnar deviation: ulnar flexion or adduction
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Name the joint position of the segment described when your limb is places as follows:
elbow bent to 900:
flexed
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Name the joint position of the segment described when your limb is places as follows:
elbow straight:
extended
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Name the joint position of the segment described when your limb is places as follows:
palm up (A. maintain the 900 elbow bent position(elbow flexion), but you turn your palm up)
supinated
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Name the joint position of the segment described when your limb is places as follows:
palm down (maintain the 900 elbow bent position(elbow flexion), but you turn your palm down)
pronated
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what is the relationship between structure and fucnction?
mobility and stablility
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Give an exmple of adaptability of human connective tissue
baseball pitchers:
Gymnasts:
- baseball pitchers: may have the same range of motion, but shifted to 110-60 degrees vs. 90-70 degrees normal ROM
- gymnasts: spine flexiblity
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Human joint design vary from simple to complex:
what is the fxn of simple joint designs:
what is the fxn of complex joint designs:
most joints:
- simple joint: typically stablility
- complex joint: typically mobility
- most joints: combination of both
what is the primary fnx of the joint?
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which structures make up the axial skeleton?
skull, spine, sternum, ribs
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which structures make up the appendicular skeleton?
arms, legs, ect.
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why do we have a skeleton?
- structure, to support weight
- **points of attachments for muscles;kinesiology fxn**
- storage for minerals, calcium
- blood formation process
- protection of internal organs
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what are the benefits of long bones:
- wider; bigger
- greater arc
- supports greater load
- stability
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what are the benefits of short bones:
- smaller area of contact
- allows for manipulation
- stability
- distributes force
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what is a benefit of irregular bones:
stability
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the midpoint of the proximal joint to the midpoint of the distal joint of the segments is called:
-
Bones that have not completed growing have:
epiphyseal plates
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once bone have no more growth there is ________________ of th eepiphyseal plate
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what causes osteoporosis:
lack of calcium and minerals
-
what can happen with osteoporosis:
- bones become brittle and break
- bone loss and space
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what other factors can enhance the onset of osteoporosis:
menopause, caffine
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what are some ways to prevent osteoporsis:
supplements, vitamin D, exercise
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what are the 2 basis of classifications of joint articulations:
- functional: grouped based on function
- structural: grouped based on design
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what are the benefits of joints (articulations):
- structure and function interrealted
- joint stablilty
- ROM
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the classification of joints that have no seperation between the bone is called:
synarthrodial
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the 2 examples of synarthrodial joints are:
- suture: joints found in the skull
- gomphosis: joints found in the tooth
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what are the functions of synarthrodial joints:
- stability
- immoveable
- protection
-
list and describe the 3 types of amphiarthroidal joints:
- ligamentous: 2 articulating bones connected by liagments
- symphsis: fiber cartilagnous pad between bones, not much movement
- cartilaginous: hylain carliage; some bending or twisting
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what is the fxn of ampiarthroidal joints:
slightly moveable
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what is the fnx of diarthrodial:
- largely moveable
- greater ROM
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what are the characteristics of synovial, diarthrodial joints:
- articular cavity
- liagmentous capsule
- synovial membrane
- surfaces are smooth
- surfaces are covered with cartilage
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what are the benefits of the fluid within the synovial membrae:
- shock absorbtion
- less friction
- nutrients
-
what type of cartilage are synovial membranes covered with?
what is the benefit?
-
list the 6 types of diarthrodial joints:
- irregular
- hinge
- piviot
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball and socket
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degrees of freedom:
description:
example:
irrgular diarthrodial joint
- degrees of freedom: 0
- description: flat, slightly curved
- example: carpal
arthrodial gliding plane
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degrees of freedom:
axis:
descrption:
example:
Hinge (ginglymus) joint
- degrees of freedom: 1
- axis: 1
- descrption: concave, convex surfaces
- example: ankle
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degrees of freedom:
axis:
descrption:
example:
condyloid
- degrees of freedom: 2
- axis: 2 (biaxial)
- descrption:
- example: wrist
-
degrees of freedom:
axis:
descrption:
example:
ball and socket
- degrees of freedom: 3
- axis: mulitaxial
- descrption:
- example: shoulder, hips
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degrees of freedom:
axis:
descrption:
example:
saddle joint
- degrees of freedom: 2
- axis:
- descrption: larger ROM
- example: carpal metacarpal (CMC joint)
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what is the primary function of joints?
what is the secondary function of joints?
- primary: mobility, movement
- secondary: stablitity
- fnx differs with diffferent joints
- stability: segments are kept closer together; resistance to displacement
example: upper vs. lower extemity; what joint has greater mobility UE shoulder or LE hip,knee, ankle?
hip has primary fxn of stability; 40 0 ROM for walking; has more potential but must be stable to support weight load; shoulder, knee, ankle have increased injuries so are less stable
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what provides joint stablility?
- ligaments
- joint capsule
- muscle and tendon
- fascia and skin
- atomospheric pressure
- shape of the articulation
- dynamic vs. static (passive/inert) stability
dynamic: knee or shoulder; needs muscle to be active; to keep joint congruent
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the amount of joint's angular displacement is called:
range of motion
typically joints have greater passive ROM than active
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the greatest dispalcement a joint can travel is called:
max ROM: flexiblity; extensibility
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list the limiting factors to ROM:
- shape of the joint
- ligaments
- muscle and tendons
- body/build/type/composition (smatotypes) : endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph
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rounder segments that may limit ROM are called:
endomorph
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muscular (stocky) segments or composition that may limit ROM are called:
mesomorph
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long, lean segments or composition that may limit ROM are called:
ectomorph
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a barrier to further motion of PROM is called:
end feel
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describe the characteristics of normal, typical end feel:
- joint capsule
- ligaments
- passive muscle tendon
- soft tissue approximation
- contact of joint surface
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due to the approximination of soft tissue, this type of end feel is called:
examples:
- soft
- example: elbow flexion, knee flextion
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list and describe the 3 types of firm end feels:
- muscular stretch: opposing muscle is at its longest length; example: hip flexion- hamstring is at its greatest stretch
- capsular stretch: stretch of joint capsule (metacarples- flanges joint)
- ligamentous stretch: ligmanent structure stops the ROM ( max supination of forearm)
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due to the approximination of bone on bone, this type of end feel is called:
- hard
- example: extension of elbow
-
a soft, firm, or hard end feel occuring at a not normal point in the ROM - or-
a normal ROM but with a different end feel is called:
abnomral end feel
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what are the systems used to meausre ROM
- goniometer
- videotape
- motion analysis system
- reflective markers
- active LED
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the point around the body where the mass is equally distributed is called:
center of gravity
- provides balance
- torque and rotation is equal and opposite on each side
- anterior of S2 is the COG on the human body
- the point at which the 3 cardinal planes intersect
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the body fees the effect of vertical gravity called:
line of gravity
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the 2 standard starting positions of the human body are called:
- fundmental standing
- standard anatomical
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the reference system for frames and axes are called:
cardinal planes
-
anterior/posterior
front/back
-
medial/lateral
toward the middle/ away from midline
-
inferior/superior
below/above
-
proximal/distal
toward the joint/away from the joint
-
ipsilateral/contralateral
same side/opposite side
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list the 3 axes:
- medial-lateral: bilateral;frontal;coronal
- proximal-distal: vertical; superior/inferior
- anterior-posterior: anteroposterior; sagittal
-
Frontal Plane
coronal plane
movements:
axis:
- movements
- ADDuction: movement toward the midline
- lateral flexion: left and right
axis: anterior-posterior; perpendicular to the joint motion
-
Sagittal Plane
vertical plane
movements:
axis:
- movements
- extension:
- spine in sagittal: flexion and extension
axis: medial-lateral
*true for appendges and axial skeleton**
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a movement beyond normal extension is called:
hyperextension: clincally hyper means beyond zero
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Transverse Plane
Horizontal Plane
movements:
axis:
- movements
- internal rotation: twisting segment toward the midline; the anterior surface of the segment
- external rotation: anterior surface of the segement twists away from the midline
- spine: left and right rotation
- forearm: pronation/supination (internal/external)
- shoulder: horizontal aDDuction/ horizontal ABDuction
axis: superior-inferior
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examlpes of right rotation of the spine in the transverse plane:
because there are multiple segements..anterior portions of superior/inferior vertebrae.. the relation b/w the two
- 1. superior twists right/ inferior neutral
- 2. superor twists right/inferior twists left
- 3. superior twists right/ inferior twist right
- 4. superor twists right/pelvis twists left.. inferior goes with pelvis.. overall is superior is to the right so right rotation
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secondary planes place 3 planes through other points; center of the joint
example: hand
example: foot
example: thumb
- hand: sagittal plane is centered thru 3rd segment ( middle finger); transverse along the palm; frontal fingers and palm
- foot: sagittal plane centered thru the 2nd segment (2nd toe)
- thumb: saddle joint, 3 planes for the joint
- another term for secondary planes are diagonal planes
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describe the difference between position vs. motion:
- position
- joint angle
- motion
- ROM
-
what is the difference between open vs. closed chain
- open chain: distal segment is free to move
- closed chain: distal segment is fixed
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when the moving segment follows surface of cone; or the tip of the segment traces a circular path it is called:
- circumduction motion
- 2 or more degress of freedom
- use just 2 motions to complete full movement
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