rp170

Allophonic - uses diacritics/specialized symbols and [brackets]

Phonemic  - uses slash marks /p/ to capture on paper the transcription of phonemes with no reference to allophonic variation

Vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant. Every syllable must have a nucleus.

• Nucleus and coda (if any).
• If no coda, rhyme = nucleus:
• e.g. al though

Consonant/consonant cluster that follows the nucleus of a syllable (not always found)

Consonant/consonant cluster at the beginning of a syllable.

Smallest unit of speech production which consists of either one vowel alone, or a vowel in combination with one or more consonants.

Two words which differ by one sound, and these two items are identified as distinctive items.  e.g. fan/van (f vs v); shown/zone (sh vs z)

Phonetic realizations of the members of a particular phoneme. e.g. p^h is an allophone of /p/.  Every phoneme has a set of allophones.

=two lexical items which together create a new lexical item.  Stress pattern: the 1st component carries primary stress, 2nd component carries secondary stress.  e.g. 'silver,ware; 'match,box; 'ash,tray

An abstract class of sounds.  Are language specific. Serve to distinguish between meanings of words.  Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.  Are represented by slashes / /.

A phone that is part of a phoneme. Every phoneme has a set of allphones.  Can't make minimal pairs out of set of phonetic realizations of the members of a particular phoneme.  Must exhibit phonetic similarity, must not exist in contrastic environment. e.g. /p^h/ is an allophone of /p/

A single speech sound; One of many possible sounds in the languages of the world.  The smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech.  Pronounced in a defined way.  Represented between brackets [ ] ; generally include detailed information [p^h] [p'].

A consonant which takes the role of a vowel: chism

• /ai/ buy
• /au/ cow
• /ɔi/ toy
• /ei/ hate
• /ou/ coat-on stressed syllable or at end of a word

A syllable that ends with a vowel phoneme (No Coda).

A syllable that ends with a consonant phoneme (Coda).

Nostril, nasal cavity, lips, teeth, oral cavity, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, tongue (tip/apex, front back/dorsum, blade, back, root), pharynx, epiglottis, larynx vocal folds, glottis, trachea.

• [i] [i:]                 ?            [u]
•          
•           [I]                               [ʊ]

• [e] [eI]         [ɝ] [ɚ]          [o] [oʊ]

• [ε]                    [ʌ] [ə]      [ɔ]

[æ]                         [a]            [α]

tense high front unrounded

fleet, we, creek

lax high front unrounded

• flit, listen, whittle

elongated diphthonized - in open and stressed syllables

tense high-back rounded

chew, clue, strewn

lax high back rounded

• could, should, bull, took

tense high-mid front unrounded - in unstressed syllable

phonate, mandate, rotate

high-mid front - in stressed syllable or at end of word

away, toupee, create, table

lax low front unrounded

• trash, thank, jazz, stand

lax low-mid front unrounded

• met, relish, terror, where

rhotacized tense mid central  rounded - occurs only in stressed syllables

• rehearse, service, percolate

rhotacized schwa, lax mid central rounded - occurs only in unstresssed syllables

• pertain, surround, runner, treasure

schwa, lax mid central unrounded

astound, ransom, tuna, command

lax low-mid back central unrounded

• rub, trouble, button

tense high-mid back rounded - in unstressed syllables

bodacious, croatian

in stressed syllable, or ou is at end of word

bellow, flow

tense low-mid back rounded

• all, prawn, caught, Dawn

lax low front unrounded

• trash, thank, jazz, stand

lax low central

cot - pronounced with Boston accent

tense low back unrounded

• rotten, ostrich, father

voiced dental fricative

• math, thank, breath

voiced alveolarpalatal affricate

• judge

voiceless interdental fricative

• math, thank, breath

voiceless alveolarpalatal fricative

• shoe

voiceless labiodental fricative

voiced labiodental fricative

voiceless alveolar fricative

voiced alveolar fricative

voiced alveopalatal fricative

treasure

voiceless glottal - only in initial position

hat

voiceless glottal found as an allophone of /t/, usually unreleased

An uncountable continuous sound:  sssss, zzzzzz

• f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h

A combination of a stop and a fricative:  starts at a stop and ends at a fricative.

• ʧ, ʤ

• p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ

• Stops
• Fricatives
• Affricates
• Nasals
• Liquids
• Glides

complete obstruction of outgoing air by articulators, buildup of pressure, release:  p, b, t, d, k, g

• forcing breath stream through constriction formed by articulators in the vocal tract: 
• f, v, th, th, s, z, sh, j, h

have both a fricative and stop manner of production:

ʧ, ʤ

complete closure in oral cavity and lowered velum to allow airflow through nasal cavity:  all voiced  (m, n, ng)

generic label used to classify two English approximant consonants - both voiced:

r, l

continuous gliding motion of articulators into the vowel which follows, also referred to a semi-vowel:

j, w

• Bilabial
• Labio-dental
• Lingua-dental
• Lingua-alveolar
• Lingua-palatal
• Lingua-velar
• Glottal

• Voiceless:  p     - stop
•                  m    - nasal
•                  w     - glide

Voiced:  b - stop

f, v - fricatives

th, th - fricatives

• Voiceless:  t - stop
•                  s - fricative
•                  ʧ-affricate

• Voiced:      d - stop
•                  z - fricative
•                  ʤ -affricate
•                  n - nasal
•                   l - liquid

Voiceless:  ʃ - fricative

Voiced:  ʒ - fricative

• Voiceless:  k - stop
•             
• Voiced:      g - stop
•                 ng - nasal
•                

Voiced:  h - fricative

• Stops - b, d g
• Fricatives - v, ð, z, ʒ
• Affricates - ʤ
• Nasals - m, n ng
• Liquids - w, j

Stops - p, t, k

Fricatives - f, θ, s, ʃ, h

• Affricate - ʧ