chapter 21 immune system

protects the body from most infectious micro organisims cancer and transplanted organs.

• they do their job by directly by cellular attack
• and indirectly by mobilizing chemicals and protective antibodies.

innate(nonspecific) are ready to react. 

1st line- fights, skin and mucous membranes and they are your external barriers

2nd line- internal barriers are fight fevers, inflammation,phaocytes, antimicrobial proteins

• adaptive( specific) : 
• 3rd line- immune system and activete b cells for humoral immunity and T cells and cellular immunity.

Neutrophils, macrophages, opsonins.

opsonins coat pathogens and provide handles for phagocytic adherence.

neutrophils- become phagocytes when they see foreign material

macrophages- dominate sites of chronic inflammation. the phagocytes must adhere to ingest it and recognize non self carbs.

large grannular lymphocytes and are pit bulls of the immune system.

kill lyse and cancer cells. and they make the cells go through programmed cell death and secrete chemicals that enhance inflammation

its a local response to tissue injury.

its benefits are that it limits the spread of infection. removes debris and pathogens. then it alerts the adaptive immune system and begins repair

Redness, swelling heat, pain

it enhances the innate defenses and they attack microorganisims or hinder it from reproduction

they protect cells that have not been affected by viruses by stimulating cells to produce interference to interfere with viral replication.

plasma proteins in an active state. its activation causes inflammatory response and lysing and killing of bacteria.

its a systemic response to invaders caused by pyrogens that raise body system

fevers promote inferons: that inhibits viral and bacterial reproduction. it also elevates metablolisin to increase tissue repair.

• they are for cellular immunity and do not produce antibodies.
• -afterwards they travel to the thymus and try to get surface antigen receptors only (2% pass)
• - so after coming from the bone marrow and patting thru they create naive cells like little clone t cells  and live in lymph nodes, bone marrow and etc.

they are for humeral immunity they are derived from bone marrow and they produce receptors for antigens. also create clones  and are DISPURSED throughout the body

they engulf antigens and present pieces on their surfaces so the t cells can recognize and have their way with them.

dendric cells- on skin and bring antigens to the lymph nodes for T cells activation

Macro phages-bring antigens to T cells to activate themselves.

B lymphocytes- present antigens to helper t cells to get activated themselves.

• natural active and natural passive 
• antibodies created following a natual exposure. and natural passive is the placenta or breast milk.

• artificial active and artificial passive
• antibodies created after a vaccination and artifical passive is an injection of an immune serum following exposure (snake bite)

**all use antibodies and NO DIRECT ATTACK

Cytotoxic- directly attack and kill other cells

Helper Tcells- promote activation of other T and B cells

Regulatory T cells- limit immune response and prevent auto immune response.

Memory T cells- remembers previous encounters and LAST A LIFETIME.

molecules that influence cell development, differention and immune responses.

**has infererons and interleukins.

binds with the non-self complexes that have encountered its antigen and its displaying on mhc on its surface.

the helper cells then release interleukins as co stimulatory cells to complete the b cells activation.

binds to the dendritic cell, it the stimulates cell to resales cop stimulatory molecules.

dendric cell can now activate  CD8 cell with the help of interleukin 2 secreted by helper t cell.

aquired cancer of the b cells

it interferes with helper tcells

severe combined immunodifeciency syndrome.

its a genetic lack of t and b cells.

• rheumatoid artritis
• -glmerulonephritis
• -multiple sclerosis
• -graves disease
• -myasthenia gravis

the body losses the inability to distinguish self from non-self. it will produce antibodies and cytotoxic cells that will destroy own tissues.

• greater chance of cancer. efficiency declines
• bigger chance of getting diseases