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what are the two types of anemia?
- 1. regenerative of non-regenerative
- 2. chronic or acute
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what are the three major causes of blood loss anemia?
- 1. chronic bleeding (over 72 hours)
- 2. blood sucking parasites
- 3. acute blood loss
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what are the five major categories that attribute to chronic bleeding?
- 1. gastrointestinal lesions
- 2. neoplasms outside GI tract
- 3. deficiencies of clotting factors
- 4. hemophilia
- 5. DIC
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what are the two types of gastrointestinal lesions?
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how does neoplasms cause slow blood loss?
abdominal tumor (benign or cancer) growth that causes slight tearing thereby inducing the seepage of blood into the digestive tract
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what are examples of gastrointestinal lesions?
abrasion or tumor
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what is the most common cause for abdominal abrasions?
foreign bodies
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which clotting factor deficiencies can cause chronic bleeding?
prothrombin or Vitamin K
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what is the cause of Vitamin K deficiency?
poor diet
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what is the cause of prothrombin deficiency?
genetics...inherited
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what is hemophilia?
lack of clotting ability
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which species is common for hemophilia?
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what is the cause of hemophilia?
inherited sex-linked disorder
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which sex is more likely to have hemophilia?
male
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why do females not seem to contract hemophilia?
females are carriers; both parents must have the recessive gene on the "X" chromosome to pass on to the offspring
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what is a phenotype?
the outwardly display of genetics - example: brown hair, blue eyes, etc.
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what is a genotype?
what the genes actually are regardless of outward appearance - example: brown eyed female may actually carry the blue eyed recessive gene
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what is DIC?
disseminated intravascular coagulation
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what is a major cause of DIC?
thrombocytopenia
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what is thrombocytopenia?
lack of available platelets; platelets are being used in the body and are not available for circulation
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what are the two functions of thrombocytes?
- 1. carry clotting factors
- 2. accumulate and act like sand bags to plug up tears in the blood vessels
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what is the common name for thrombocytes?
platelets
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what are three causes for DIC?
- 1. heart worms or the treatment for heartworms
- 2. heat stroke
- 3. orthopedic surgery
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how do you determine DIC?
blood smear
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what is the formula for calculating an average platelet count?
sum of number of platelets in 10 fields divided by 10 times 20,000
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what is the average number of platelets per field?
7-25
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what is the normal platelet count for canine?
150,000 - 600,000
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what is the normal platelet count for feline?
200,000 - 800,000
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how can heartworms cause DIC?
during surgery, anesthesia puts heartworms to sleep and are subsequently released from the heart and can cause an embolism
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what is an example of induced DIC?
female cat comes in for OVH but has been in a recent fight; the platelets are concentrating on the wounds making sure to stop the bleeding; after the OVH another "wound" is present but the platelets are already preoccupied and there are insufficient platelets in circulation to congregate around the surgery site
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what are the three types of blood sucking parasites?
- 1. internal
- 2. external
- 3. coccidia
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what are examples of internal parasites that can cause anemia?
hookworms & some flukes
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what are examples of external parasites that can cause anemia?
fleas, ticks, biting lice
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what is the scientific name for coccidia?
Isospora canis/felis
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how do you diagnose coccidia?
direct smear
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what are the two major sources for acute bleeding?
surgery and trauma
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what are some examples of trauma causing acute bleeding?
- 1. HBC/HBT
- 2. fights
- 3. too close to equipment (lawn mower, weed eater, etc.)
- 4. fences
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what causes bleeding from every orifice in cows?
bracken fern toxicity
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how does bracken fern toxicity cause bleeding?
contains a strong anticoagulant
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what releases dicoumoral?
sweet clover when trampled or freezes
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which species is affect by sweet clover poisoning?
cattle
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what is dicurmin?
rat poison
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which species is usually affected by dicurmin?
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