Symptoms – Throbbing pain, discoloration, roughness, tooth
can break while chewing
Causative Agent – Streptococcus mutans, colonize teeth,
thrive in acidic conditions, produces glucans, dietary sugars
Pathogenesis – Adherence of bacteria to receptors on teeth,
sugar production causes drop in pH
Epidemiology – Heredity, young more susceptible than old
Prevention – Cut down dietary glucose
Treatment – Removal of plaque, drilling out and filling of
cavity
Dental Caries
Symptoms – Bleeding gums, sensitivity, bad breath, Receding
gums, loose discolored teeth
Causative Agent – Dental Plaque
Pathogenesis – Plaque/Tartar forms at gum line, gets into
gingival crevice, causes inflammation
Epidemiology – 90% of those over 65, people with underlying immunodeficiency
Prevention – Brushing, cleaning flossing
Treatment – Cleaning out inflamed gingival crevice and
removing plaque
Periodontal Disease
Symptoms – Bleeding/swollen gums,
foul odor, rapid onset, fever
Causative Agent – Treponema genus, spirochete
Pathogenesis – Bacterial invasion causes necrosis and
ulceration
Epidemiology – Stress, malnutrition, immunodeficiency
Prevention – Brushing and flossing
Treatment – antibacterial
Trench Mouth
Symptoms - Belching, vomiting, abdominal pain, bleeding,
tenderness
Causative Agent – Heliobacter pylori, short, spiral, gram
negative microaerophile with multiple flagella
Pathogenesis – Able to neutralize acidity of stomach, uses
flagella to corkscrew through stomach lining
Epidemiology – fecal-oral route, clusters in families, poor
people most susceptible
Prevention – No prevention
Treatment – Antibiotics
Gastritis
Symptoms – blisters, ulcers in mouth, fever
Causative Agent – Herpes simplex virus, medium sized, double
stranded enveloped, type 1 or 2
Pathogenesis – Blisters contain large numbers of virons,
stress can precipitate recurrances
Epidemiology – Wide spread, transmitted by close physical
contact
Prevention – close physical contact
Treatment – Antivirals
Herpes Simplex
Symptoms – fever, headache, swelling of parotid glands,
spasms, usually disappears within a week, symptoms more severe in people past
puberty, can effect ovaries, testes, pregnancies often miscarry
Causative Agent – Mumps virus, paramyxovirus family,
enveloped, single stranded DNA
Pathogenesis – respiratory droplets, incubation 15 – 20 days,
Epidemiology – Humans only natural host, lifetime immunity,
contagious 1 week before and 2 weeks after symptoms
Prevention – Immunization
Treatment – None
Mumps
Symptoms – Severe diarrhea, can lose 20 liters of fluid a day
Causative agent – Vibrio cholerae, gram negative, curved bacillus
Pathogenesis – Large numbers must be present, B fragment no toxicity, A fragment toxic
Epidemiology – Fecal contamination of water
Prevention – Clean water
Treatment – rapid replacement of water
Cholera
Symptoms – dysentery, headache, stiff neck, vomiting,
convulsions, joint pain
Causative Agents - S. flexnuri , S. boydii , S. sonnei , S.
dysenterriae
Pathogenesis – Begins in large intestine, cells multiply at
high rate, nonmotile, dead cell slough off, lots of blood and pus
Epidemiology – fecal oral, low infecting dose, day cares and
gay men
Prevention – Sanitation
Treatment – Fluid and electrolyte replacement,
antimicrobials
Shigellosis
Symptoms – vomiting, loose stools, cramps, diarrhea, blood
stool, usually lasts 10 days
Causative Agent – E. coli, 4 types
Pathogenesis – enterotoxin, adheres to cells in small
intestine
Epidemiology – Person to person, contaminated food and water
Prevention – hand washing, proper preparation of food and
drinks
Treatment – replace fluids and electrolytes, antibiotics for
infants, Pepto
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms – diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever
Causative Agent – Salmonella, motile, gram negative,
enterobacteria
Pathogenesis – large number required for infection, adhere
to receptors on small intestine
Epidemiology – Most cases have animal source, bacteria can
survive a long time in environment, children most often infected
Prevention – Adequate cooking, tracing outbreak of
infections
Treatment – vaccine, surgical removal of gall bladder
Salmonellosis
Symptoms – fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery
Causative agents – campylobacteria jejuni, motile, gram
negative, curved bacillus
Pathogenesis – small infecting dose, causes inflammation,
guillen barre syndrome
Epidemiology – food and waterborn outbreaks, usually live in
animal intestines,
Prevention – proper treatment of water and food
Treatment –subside on its own, severe cases, erythromycin
Campylobacteriosis
Symptoms – vomiting, diarrhea, profuse water diarrhea,
generally gone within a week
Causative agents – Rotovirus, double walled capsid, double
walled dna
Pathogenesis – infects cells of upper small intestine,
decreased production of enzymes
Epidemiology – fecal oral route, childhood epidemics occur
in winter
Prevention – handwashing, disinfectant, attenuated vaccine
Treatment – none
Rotoviral Gastroenteritis
Symptoms – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, symptoms go away 12 –
60 hours
Causative agents – Norovirus, small, nonenveloped, single
stranded RNA
Pathogenesis – infects upper small intestine
Epidemiology – fecal/oral route, incubation 12 to 48 hours
Prevention – handwashing/disinfectants
Treatment – none
Norovirus
Symptoms – fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, right
side abdominal pain, dark urine, clay feces, jaundice, children less than 6
years asymptomatic
Causative agent – Hepatitis A virus, small, single stranded
RNA
Pathogenesis – contaminated food or water, reaches liver,
released into bile
Epidemiology – fecal oral, restaurants, shell fish, daycare,
nursing homes, homos
Prevention – vaccine
Treatment – Gamma globulin within 2 weeks of exposure
Hep A
Symtoms – SEVER fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea,
abdominal pain, dark urine, jaundice, formerly known as serum hepatitis
Causative agent – hepatitis B virus, enveloped, double
stranded DNA
Pathogenesis -
carried in liver, replicates via reverse transcriptase
Epidemiology – Needles, toothbrushes, sex
Prevention – Vaccine, passive immunization
Treatment – none
Hep B
Symptoms – milder than hep A and B
Causative agent – hepatitis C virus, enveloped, single
stranded RNA, flavivirus family
Pathogenesis – infected blood, 6 week incubation
Epidemiology – needles, syringes, tattooing,
Prevention – no vaccine
Treatment – avoid alcohol, no treatment
Hep C
Symptoms – ingestion, nausea, vomiting, explosive diarrhea,
disappear within 4 weeks
Causative Agent – Giardia Lambdia, flagellated, pear shaped,
2 sided nuclei, can exist in 2 forms
Pathogenesis – cyst responsible for infection, attach to
epithelium of small intestine and move to large intestine
Epidemiology – single stool can carry 300 million cysts,
cysts can live in cold water up to 2 months, chlorination often ineffective,
fecal oral route, oral/anal sex
Prevention – Filtration of water
Treatment - Flagyl
Giardiasis