Anti-infectives used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
Not effective against viruses or fungi.
How can most skin infections be treated?
Most skin infections can be treated with topical antibiotics such as Neosporin or Bactroban.
What is a major concern with the use of antibiotics?
A major concern with antibiotics is the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
MRSA
methicillin-resistant Staph aureus
MRSA requires strong antibiotics, like vancomycin, for treatment.
True or False?
Antibiotics kill both bad and good bacteria.
True. Antibiotics kill both bad and good bacteria which allows for other bugs to take over or for side effects to occur.
Possible side effects include diarrhea, yeast infections, allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, and anaphylactic reactions.
6 Major Classes of Antibiotics
Be Sure To Make Another Float
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolone
Beta-Lactams
All drugs in this class have a similar chemical structure...a beta-lactam ring
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Resistance is a big problem
4 Subclasses of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Perky Cats Chase Mice
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
3 Most Common Penicillins
Penicillin V
Penicillin G
Amoxicillin
True or False?
Penicillins are not well tolerated.
False. Penicillins are mostly well tolerated, but can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Augmentin
Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
The moxy (amoxicillin) of her neckline is augmented (Augmentin)by the exposure of her clavicles (clavulanic acid).
More cases of diarrhea than with other penicillin antibiotics.
Clavulanic acid component is added to the amoxicillin to help it work better, but it causes a lot of diarrhea.
Drug interactions with penicillins
Drug interaction are low with penicillins.
You may see drug interaction warnings if a person is taking oral contraceptives at the same time as penicillin or amoxicillin.
True or False?
Penicillin G is an oral form of penicillin.
False. Penicillin V and amoxicillin are oral agents. Penicillin G is an IV or IM agent.
Most common cephalosporins
Keflex (cephalexin)
Ceftin (cefuroxime)
Omnicef (cefdinir)
cephalos-pour-in special K flakes and "all" of the "left in" Cheeri-Os
Subclasses of Cephalosporins
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
True or False?
Cephalosporins are well tolerated with few side effects.
True.
True or False?
Cephalosporins have many drug interactions.
False. Drug interactions with cephalosporins are minimal.
True or False?
Allergic reactions are quite common with cephalosporins.
True.
True or False?
Monobactam antibiotics are available as oral and injectable forms and are often used for mild bacterial infections.
False. Monobactam (Azactam) antibiotics are only available in IV or IM formulations, so they're used most often for moderate-to-severe bacterial infections.
Penicillin VK
Generic name: penicillin V.
Drug class: Beta-lactam antibiotic: penicillin
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Precautions: Allergic reactions
Amoxil
Generic name: amoxicillin V
Drug class: Beta-lactam antibiotic: penicillin
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Precautions: Allergic reactions
Augmentin, Augmentin XR, Augmentin ES
Generic name: amoxicillin with clavulanic acid
Drug class:
Amoxicillin: Beta-lactam antibiotic: penicillin
Clavulanic Acid: Slight antibiotic activity, helps amoxicillin work better
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Precautions: Allergic reations
Keflex
Generic name: cephalexin
Drug Class: Beta-lactam antibiotic: cephalosporin
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Precautons: Allergic reactions
Omnicef
Generic name: cefdinir
Drug class: Beta-lactam antibiotic: cephalosporin
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Drug Interactions: Must separate iron supplements or antacids containing aluminum or magnesium by 2 hours
Precautions: Allergic reactions
Ceftin
Generic name: cefuroxime
Drug class: Beta-lactam antibiotic: cephalosporin
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Precautions: Allergic reactions
Macrolides
For treating respiratory infections and Chlamydia
Used in topical agents for acne or eye infections
Most common macrolides
Zithromax (azithromycin)
Biaxin (clarithromycin)
True or False?
Macrolides cause more allergic reactions than beta-lactam antibiotics.
False. Macrolides can also cause allergic reactions, but not as much as beta-lactam antibiotics.
True or false?
The downfalls of macrolides are drug interactions and tolerability.
True.
Erythromycin
The first in the macrolide drug class
It isn't used much today due to the increase in resistance, and tolerability issues
Stimulates the gut and increases motility, so diarrhea is a big issue
True or false?
A downfall to using erythromycin is that it causes diarrhea in most patients.
True. Erythromycin stimulates the gut and increases motility, so diarrhea is a big issue.
True or false? Biaxin is a macrolide that can cause the levels of some meds to increase to toxic levels.
True. Biaxin (clarithromycin) also inhibits the metabolism of many meds, and some interactions can be very dangerous.
Zithromax, Z-PAK, Zmax
Generic name: azithromycin
Drug Class: Macrolide antibiotic
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Precautions: Allergic reactions
Biaxin
Generic name: clarithromycin
Drug Class: Macrolide antibiotic
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal taste, abdominal pain
Drug Interactions: Many, some severe
Precautions: Allergic reactions
E.E.S., Erythrocin, Ery-tab
Generic name: erythromycin
Drug Class: Macrolide antibiotic
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Drug Interactons: Many, some severe
Precautions: Allergic reactions
Most commonly used sulfonamide?
Combo product called Bactrim or SeptraContains the sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole, and the antibiotic, trimethoprim
Often abbreviated SMZ-TMP
What group within the structure of sulfonomides is responsible for causing hypersensitivity reactions?
"Sulfa" group
Give two examples of agents which may raise drug allergy alerts with sulfonomides.
Celebrex and hydrochlorothiazide
What causes a hypersensitivity reaction in a patient taking Bactrim?
Bactrim's sulfa group
Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
Brand name: Bactrim, Septra, etc.
Abbreviation: SMX/TMP
Drug Class Action:
Sulfamethoxazole: sulfonamide antibiotic
Trimethoprim: antibiotic
Precautions: Allergic reactions
Which antibiotic is considered duplicate therapy?
SMZ-TMP (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim)
Tetracyclines
Broad-spectrum antibiotics used for acne, sexually transmitted diseases, and some respiratory infections
List the most common meds in the tetracycline class.
Tetracyline (TCN)
Minocycline
Doxycycline
Try My Doughnuts
True or False?
Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic.
True.
True or False?
Tetracyclines can cause increased sensitivity to the sun.
True.
True or False?
Tetracyclines are commonly used in small children.
False.
True or False?
Tetracyclines should be taken at the same time as antacids.
False.
True or False?
Tetracyclines have many drug interactions.
