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Characteristics of blood:
- There are 4-6 liters in our bodies.
- The normal pH is 7.35-7.45.
- Blood is comprised of formed elements (45%), plasma (55%) and buffy coat.
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Plasma vs. Serum:
- Plasma- the liquid portion of unclotted blood
- Serum- the liquid portion of clotted blood
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Steps of hemostasis:
- 1. Vascular spasm- damaged blood vessels constrict
- 2. Platelet plug formation- platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form platelet plug.
- 3. Activation of the coagulation cascade- clots form with the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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Leukocytes: (whit blood cells)
Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
- Traits: Pink, segmented nucleus, phagocyte
- Fight: Bacterial infections
- 60-70% of Leukocytes (in the blood steam)
- Quickly respond to disease
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Leukocytes:
Eosinophils (Granulocyte)
- Traits:Red, target antigen-antibody complexes
- Fight: Allergies and parasites
- 1-4% of Leukocytes (circulating WBCs)
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Leukocytes:
Basophil (Granulocyte)
- Traits: Large dark blue granules, inflammatory response, release histamine and heparin
- Fight: Minimal correlation with disease
- 0-1%
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Leukocytes:
Monocyte/macrophages (Agranulocyte)
- Traits: Powerful phagocyte, different names depending on location
- -wandering macrophages
- -Fixed macrophages: kupffer cells, histocytes, microglial cells, alveolar macrophages
- Fight:Fixed in tissues
- 3-8% circulating WBC
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Leukocytes:
Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte)
- Traits: T and B cells, major role in adaptive immune response
- Fight: Viral infections,and cancers
- Major role in adaptive immune response
- 20-30% of WBCs
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Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
volume of an average RBC
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
amount of hemoglobin in an average RBC
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
concentration of hemoglobin in an average RBC
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Reticulocyte
immature red blood cells containing Hemoglobin, RNA, and mitochondrial remnants
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Erythropoiesis
- production of red blood cells
- Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) stimulates the kidneys to release the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) which circulates to the red marrow and speeds up the maturation of immature RBCs
- The rate of erythropoiesis is reflected in the reticulocyte (retic) count
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Hematopoiesis
formed element production from a pluripotent stem cell
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Polycythemia
an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
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Anemia
a deficiency of red blood cells, or decrease in quality or quantity of hemoglobin
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Extramedullary hematopoiesis
hematopoiesis outside bone marrow (e.g., spleen)
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Medullary hematopoiesis
the formation of blood cells within the bone marrow
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