Canine/Feline week 2

• 1) Vaccination programs
• 2) Clinical signs
• 3) Identify asymptomatic carriers
• 4) Isolate young animals
• 5) Prioritize cleanliness

Tailored to the needs of the specific litter/herd

When showing clinical signs of an infectious disease animal should be removed from the litter

Using test will help differentiate the carrier

Until disease is identified and remainder of litter had been vaccinated and has had time for the antibodies to produce

• 1) Sanitation
• 2) Ventilation

• 1) Temperature- 72 degrees
• 2) Humidity- 40-60 %
• 3) Air exchanges- 17/hr
• 4) Light cycle- 14 light/10 dark
• 5) Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)= effective against parvo and other viruses, 1 part bleach/30 parts water

• 1) Parental
• 2) Intranasal

Killed, modified live, recombinant

• 1) Protect and often treat individual 
• 2) Herd immunity

• 1) Vaccinate 1 month prior to breeding
• 2) Isolate newborn after vaccination

Vaccine made from killed bacteria

At 12-16 weeks of age

Local health authority

• 1) Improving efficiency of food animal production
• 2) Preventing spread of zoonotic diseases

Produces antibodies specific for the antigen in the vaccine and stimulates cell mediated immunity

• 1) Viruses
• 2) Bacteria
• 3) Rickettsiae
• 4) Fungi

Virus vaccine due to toxins in the bacterial cell wall of a bacterin vaccine

Inactivated, infective agent can no longer reproduce, safe and produce antibodies, often used for prophylaxis, only types of vaccine that can be given to pregnant animals

Attenuated, actual bug is injected into animal but superior in protection because it stimulates production of antibodies and stimulates hummoral immunity.

Antibody production is the gp70 type and stimulates cell mediated immunity and hummoral immunity

Specific part of the infective agent that are recognized by the immune system

Portion of the antigen that binds with the antibody

• 1) Remnants of the cells in which the infective agent was cultured
• 2) Buffers
• 3) pH indicators
• 4) Preservatives
• 5) Adjuvants (enhance immune response)

• 1) Develops other immunities
• 2) Elicit immune response earlier in young animal, "break through" maternal antibodies

• 1) Light
• 2) Heat

Vomiting

Study of reproduction (sex)

Originally added to vaccines to enhance immune response in modified live vaccines which caused a inflammatory reaction, aluminum was the best

Malignant sarcomas, when given SQ in lumbar area, 1:10,000

• 1) Complete immunity- humoral plus cell mediated immunity
• 2) No virulence since particle of virus used in controlled so doesn't cause disease its designed to prevent
• 3) No adjuvants needed

• 1) Humoral
• 2) Cell mediated

B cell immunity, virtually no memory, must vaccinate often, consists of B lymphocytes and four immunoglobulin classes (IgG, Igm, IgA, and IgE, helps prevent serious systemic clinical signs

Involved lymphocytes and plasma cells, both from bone marrow spleen and lymph nodes

produce inflammatory mediators which regulate chronic inflammation

Modified lymphocytes that produce antibodies of IgA, IgM, etc.

When a B cell comes into contact with an antigen which fits its surface receptors it's prompted to start proliferating and its offspring are stimulated to produce more antibodies with the same antigen specificity. B cells that develop into Plasma cells travel through Thymus, which is large and functioning well in the young animal and regresses in the aging animal

Mostly unknown, most must revaccinate yearly, except for rabies which is 3 years. Only way it to measure the antibody titer.

• 1) Animals response- due to genetics, disease, drugs in vaccine
• 2) Handling and administration of vaccine
• 3) Maternal antibody interference
• 4) Strain in vaccine is too different from the strain needed for protection

Memory immunity, T-cell immunity

Protective for neonates until levels fall below a critical point, react with vaccines rendering them useless for inducing protective levels of antibody. Level of maternally derived antibody that interferes with immunization is lower than the level needed for protective immunity so there is a period of a few weeks in which the animal is no longer protected.

8 weeks of age in some animals, 12 weeks in all animals

Canine parvovirus, necessary to vaccinate when animal is 8, 12, 16 20 or 22 weeks of age

Must be given by the recommended routes, should never be mixed unless indicated, always give recommended dose.

Animals that are in incubation phase of infection will usually not be protected by vaccine, nor will animals that are exposed to high levels of virus for prolonged periods after vaccination.

Inactivated products usually require 2 doses before protection is achieved, whereas a attenuated product usually requires only one dose (assuming maternal immunity has worn off). Takes up to 2 weeks after vaccine until puppy/kitten has built up a strong immunity to disease.

• 1) Pain and lethargy
• 2) Anaphylaxis
• 3) Injection-site reaction

• 1) Granulomas
• 2) Sarcoma
• 3) Vasculitis
• 4) Uveitis

Adjuvant and attenuated viruses probably induce a cytokine response and the animal might experience flulike symptoms.

Hypersensitivity reaction usually occurring within an hr and in young animals, signs include hives, facial swelling, respiratory distress, severe diarrhea and shock.

Lumps form at vaccine site because of local reactions to adjuvants. Small firm movable granuloma develops a few days after vaccination and regress in a few weeks

In cats, has grave long-term prognosis. Vaccine with aluminum based adjuvants may carry greater risk for inducing vaccination site sarcoma, take about 3 months to develop. Rabies and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) vaccine carry greater risk to cause a sarcoma.

When a vaccine antigen and corresponding antibody are deposited in walls of small blood vessels. Cutaneous vasculitis has been reported after accidental SQ administration of rabies vaccines that are meant to be IM

Reported with CAV-1 vaccines in dogs

• 1) Protect against strain of kennel cough
• 2) Cross immunitize for hepatitis

• 6 weeks- 1st parvo (CPV-2)
• 8-10 weeks- DHLPCP and Bordetella
• 10-12 weeks- DHLPCP and Bordetella
• 14-16 weeks- DHLPCP and Rabies
• 20 weeks- Parvo
• 6 months- Parvo
• 1 year- DHLPCP, Bordetella and Rabies

• 8-10 weeks- FHV-1, FCV, FPV, FeLv
• 12 weeks- FHV, FCV, FPV, FeLV, Rabies
• 6 months- FeLV
• 1 year- FHV-1, FCV, FPV, FeLV, Rabies

Brucella canis

Bartonella henselae

Trypanosoma cruzi

Chlamydia psittaci

Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Giardia

granulosus and multiocularis

Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum

Leishmania donovani

Leptospira interrogans

Yersinia pestis

Lyssia virus or Rhabdovirus group

Microsporum canis

Sarcoptes scabiei

Sporothrix schenckii

Toxoplasma gondii

Francisella  tularensis

Pasturella multocida and haemolytica (gram negative bacteria)