B TECH TEST I | Set 3

• End clips 
• Web stiffeners
• Foundation Clips
• bracing
• Hangers
• Channel

strong enough and flexible enough to be used in the construction of larger structures

the common everyday steel alloy (low carbon)

the factory finish on hot roll steel

• most common shape
• often referred to as an I-beam or an H-beam

• Diagonal- used to create a rigid frame
• Eccentric
• Moment bracing- no added bracing used to create a rigid frame
• shear bracing
• rigid core
• rigid perimeter

fuses two pieces of steel together to become one by introducing a material that melts them together; or just literally melt the two pieces together

• solid stick consumable elctrode protected by the flux that emits co2 and protects the weld
• cheap
• messy
• requires skills

• consumable wire electrode on a spool and a shield gas constantly fed thru the welding gun 
• more expensive
• less mess
• less skill needed

tungsten inert gas

• Columns
• Girders
• Beams 
• Joists

• support the beams
• beams are point loads on the girders and transfer the loads to the columns
• some times the columns will be supported by girders
• single member

suppors joists distributed load and transfer the loads to the girders or columns

• the members that support the floor system 
• considered a distributed load

Support the floor or roof loads by transferring the loads to the beams

the concrete decks can span different distances between beams depending on: 

• the gauge of the steel decking
• the depth of the decking profile
• the reinforcing used in the slab 
• the depth of the concrete 

concrete deck is secured to the beam or joist with shear studs

• very permanent and long lasting 
• coats the inside and the outside with zinc
• first dipped in an acid bath to clean off the impurities and dirt
• dipped into a moltent bath of zinc around 869 dgrees F 
• when the oxygen meets the zinc and the steel it creates a chemical reaction

• must have holes to release the air inside
• NO AIR POCKETS....it will explode

Stacked rock

• units held together by mortar
• cement is the binder that binds everything together 
• slake lime
• fine aggregate-sand
• water

• stone
• brick
• concrete blocks

mortar is troweled in place to allow the masonry to bed in place, nesting not stone to stone

• to make sure the mortar joint between the masonry units sheds water
• no gaps
• prevents water from seeping into the wall

masonry adhesive, solvent free single component moisture cured structural adhesive specifically designed to bind concrete masonry units together

• Lintels
• Jambs
• Sills

• Steel angle lintel
• bond beams
• concrete lintels
• wood lintels
• stone lintels

• Keystone- the stone at the top of the arch in the middle 
• voussoirs
• crown
• springing or impost
• span
• most efficient with the rise is 20-25%of the span

• Un reinforced walls
• reinforced
• mono structural wall
• composite masonry wall
• cavity wall
• solid wall

• only the stone is carrying the load
• emphasis on staggering

steel is running through to transfer the load

one material inside and out

• Wythe - inner outer layer walls 
• Course - the inner and outer runs

one big block of material

the thin piece of important material (sheet metal or rubber like membrane) that does not allow water to pass into the structure

keeps moisture out of the wall

draining the moisture out of the wall assembly that already has penetrated the wall

• Exterior: applied to the outside; EIFS (Exterior insulating and finishing system) 
• In Wall: applied in cavities; insulates inside the block; still will loose heat through the structural points; interior and exterior are bonded through the filling
• Interior: applied to the interior; have to manage the condensation 
• Thermal High Performance Masonry (AAC Units- auto clove aerated concrete): highly insulating block; contain small hydrogen bubbles by maintains its structural integrity; Portland Cement(lime, silica, sand, and water + aluminum powder or paste)

• concrete masonry units 
• concrete blocks are load bearing
• cinder blocks are partition blocks
• commonly used for a low rise structure up to 6 stories

earth, sand, clay, straw, and a binder traditionally manure or even animal blood

• Types: 
• Adobe bricks
• Adobe with stucco finish
• rammed earth
• straw bale construction 
• gabion cages

• a poured in place alternative to adobe
• soil, sand, and stabilizers placed in form, need dry time to cure after the removal of the forms
• cement is now used as the stabilizer rather then manure or blood

• wheat, rice, rye, and oats straw
• Nebraska Style
• Infill style
• Base condition and with internal flasing 
• the wall construction and finish are best designed to allow the building to breath through the structure
• no vapor barriers 
• no impenetrable acrylic stuccos
• want it to breath and drain ***
• wire reinforced mesh secures the grid so that you can seal it with stucco plaster

• metal cages filled with rocks/reclaimed concrete
• retaining walls you can tie them together, cage to cage

• Structural enclosure joints
• surface divider joints
• building separation joints
• volume change joints

• separate structural and non structural 
• assures that no loads are transferred to a non load bearing member

• abutment joints where old and new meet
• control joint control cracking
• expansion joints allows for expansion and contraction

• volume changing joints
• settlement joints separate sections with different foundation conditions
• seismic separation joins make a big complex building into a bunch of small ones

separate at joints where the volume of the building changes

• premade concrete pieces--> parking curbs
• beams and colums 
• wall panels and hollow core slabs

• cable are cast into the concrete building components 
• dead load of the concrete will lead to sagging over time
• the cable are pre-tensioned to create a slight upward camber that will level out with loading

panel to tube steel column

form work, reinforce, pour the concrete, let it set and then lift up

• Two Way Flat Plate: shares the load in both directions
• Two Way Site Cast Concrete Framing: the loads fan out
• Two Way Solid Slab with Beams: load is spread in two directions 
• Waffle Slab with drop panels at the columns