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how many wbc's are seen in a normal urine per high power field
2-5
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when is indicative when urine is cloudy
there are a significant # of WBC's present
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what should the biochemical test for wbc esterase be if 6-15 granulocytes per field are seen in high power
positive if granulocytes and monocytes present(neg if lymphocytes present)
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how many fields should be used to count cells in a urine
ten fields at high power
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what is increased number of wbcs indicative of
infection or inflammation
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if bacteria is present as well as increased wbc what could this be indicative of
infection of the kidney(pyelonephritis),bladder(cysititis), or urethra(urethritis)
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what impact rbc apperance in urine
urine concentration (causes biconcave, oval, or round rbcs)
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how many rbcs must be present per field to be considered abnomal
greater than 2-3 per high power field
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why might rbcs be seen in urine
due to menstrual contamination or injury or disease of any portion of the urinary tract
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what color will urine be if a significant # of rbcs are present
red or brown and cloudy
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how many rbcs are seen in a normal urine
0-3 rbcs
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what type of epithelial cells may be indicative of disease if seen in large #'s
transitional or renal tubular
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large #'s of sqaumous epithelial cells are may be indicative of what in a female
vaginal contamination during collection
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what are oval fat bodies
renal tubular epithelial cells that contain lipids
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what are oval fat bodies normally associated with
nephroitic syndrome
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if the fat present in oval fat body is cholesterol what do the fat droplets form
maltese cross
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what power is cast observed under
low power
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what are hyaline cast composed primarily of
simple TammHorsfall protein
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why might a cast appear yellow
due to the bilirubin in the urine
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waxy cast usually indicates
end stage of renal disease
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Name the normal & abnormal crystals
- normal-uric acid ca oxalate calcium phosphate triple phosphate calcium carbonate amm. biurate
- abnormal- cystine sulfa tyrosine leucine bilirubin
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describe the appearance of uric acid crystals
brown in color and may be barrel, rosette, six-sided, or diamond shaped
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what association may uric acid crystals have
kidney stone formation
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describe the appearance of calcium oxalate crystals
envelope, dumbbell, ovoid, or rectangular shaped
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describe the appearance of calcium phosphate crystals
large flat shaped plates or wedged-shaped prisms which appear in rosettes if singly appear flat on one end and pointed on the other
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describe the appearance of triple phosphate crystals
coffin-lid shaped or fern leaf shaped(due to freshly newly formed)
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describe the appearance of calcium carbonate crystals
seen as granules or dumbbells and may appear as a large aggregates or single form
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what do ammonium biruate usually indicate
old or poorly preserved specimen
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describe the appearance of ammonium biruate crystals
thorny apple shaped and yellowish brown
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what are the cholesterol crystals associated with
nephrotic syndrome
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describe cholesterol crystals appearance
appear as clear, flat plates with notched corners
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cystine crystals are most frequently cause of
kidney stones in children
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appearance of cystine crystals
colorless thin hexagonal plates typically six sides
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when might leucine crystals be seen
in liver disorders in which amino acids metabolism is impaired
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appearance of leucine crystals
yellow brown spheroids with concentric rings around the outer edge and radial striations in the center
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describe the appearance of tyrosine crystals
colorless to yellow brown single fine needles and pointed ends
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what may bacteria in a clean catch specimen indicated with wbc present also
infection of the kidney or lower urinary tract
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how may bacteria in urine appear
rod or cocci shaped and motile
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what is the most common yeast seen in urine
candida albicans
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what is yeast a common cause of
urinary tract infection in immunocompromised and diabetics pts.
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describe the appearance of speam
oval headed and long tail seen in male or female
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describe the appearance of trichomonas
pear shaped parasite with 4 flagella(common cause of vaginitis)
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what might rbcs without any other abnormal findings be indicative of and reported if large amount seen
early indication of renal or bladder cancer
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what do urinary sediment with bacteria and no wbc indicate
the specimen was poorly handled
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what do the presence of wbc cast indicates
the wbc seen in the sediment originates in the kidney itself and consistent with inflammation or infection of the kidney called pyelonephritis
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the presence of rbc casts is indicative of
acute glomerulonephritis
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what are wbc associated with
pyelonephritis
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