Test 2 lecture (lecture 10 & 11)

all the chemical reactions in the body

• breakdown of complex organic molecules
• release stored energy

• combine simple molecules to form complex molecules
• require energy

• is NOT energy it just transports it
• is an energy coupling agent
• not a fuel

energy released by 1 set of reactions is almost immediately consumed by another

When the 3rd phosphate bond is broken turning it back to ADP

• removal of electrons
• results in decreases in energy content

• addition of electrons
• results in increase in energy content

• Oxidation Is Loss
• Reduction Is Gain

NAD & FAD temporarily hold enzymen then release them

• NAD
• FAD

36 ATP

presence of oxygen

absence of oxygen

• 4 steps
• Glycolysis
• Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
• Krebs cycle
• Electron transport chain

oxidize 1 6-carbon molecule of glucose into 1 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate in a series of smaller steps called Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• 0₂ not required
• outside of the Mitochondria

• if sufficient oxygen present acetyl is formed from splitting pyruvic acid
• 3-carbon
• Pyruvic acid
• 2-carbon

Acetyl diffuses into the ,matrix of the mitochondria

series of 3 electron carriers known as CYTOCHROMES which are embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane

series of 3 electron carries they are imbedded in the mitochondria membrane

O₂ is the final electron acceptor

• found where leakproof seal are needed between cells
• (Ie: stomach and bladder)

• adhesion belt prevents tissues from separating as they stretch and contract
• (Ie: intestinal epithelium)

• Act as "spot welds"
• found in the heart and epidermis

are half welds- join cells to the basement membrane

are pores that allow water and small substance like ions to pass between cells

found where large amounts of fluid or gas need to pass through quickly

often found ling the tubules of the kidneys and glands

• can be found lining the intestines
• have Goblet cells
• Microvilli increase surface area for absorption

• beat in unison to move mucous, foreign particles, or large cells
• (Ie: bronchioles, fallopian tubes)

• found only in the urinary bladder
• apical "dome cells" of the top layer signify an empty bladder while the cells are flattened in a fuller bladder

• ductless- do not have ducts to convey secretion
• Secretions enter directly into adjacent blood vessels and are transported throughout the body in blood

ducts convey the secretions to the surface of skin, lumen, or other open surface

• Merocrine
• Apocrine
• Holocrine

• secretion is the most common
• releases production by exocytosis, no part of the gland is lost or damaged

• glands "bud" off secretions
• end of cell breaks off

releasing entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell

cancer derived from epithelium