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Microfilament
Actin and Myosin
Help movement-esp. in muscle
Mechanical support- cell structure
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Intermediate filament
stabilize organelle position
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Micritubule
fill out the flagella and cilia they also create the spindle fibers
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Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
(made of rRNA)
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Golgi Complex
modify sort and package proteins into vesicles for transport
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Lysosomes
contain > 60 digestive enzymes
they also digest bacteria, viruses, substance entering via endocytosis
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Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell
generate ATP
contains its own DNA
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Gene
Is a segment of DNA that contain the code for producing a specifi protein
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a Gene is said to be "expressed when?
When the protein it codes for is produced
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Transcription
occurs in the nucleus = formation of mRNA from DNA template
Synthesis of messenger RNA
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Transliation
Occurs in cytoplasm= formation of a specific protein at a ribosome using mRNA as a template
Actual synthesis of a protein
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Protein synthesis occurs in how many steps?
it occurs in 2 steps
- Transcription (occurs in the nucleus)
- Translation (occurs in the cytoplasm)
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Steps in transcription
- *DNA unzips and unwinds
- *Free RNA nucleotides pair with the complementary DNA bases
- * RNA transcript is then released from the DNA
- *DNA then closes again
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Promoter
Sequence of DNA nucleotide bases at the beginning of a gene that is the start signal for transcription
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RNA polymerase
Enzyme that binds w/ the promoter, opens DNA helix, and aligns and links together the RNA nucleotides
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Terminator
another sequence of bases at the end of the gene is the stop signal
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Codon
a 3 base sequence along the mRNA molecule that translates into 1 amino acid
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Translation
brings all 3 types of RNA together
- mRNA - transcription
- tRNA- deliver AA's to the ribosome
- rRNA- make up a ribosome
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Mutation
A gene that has been altered, therefore codes for an altered pr abnormal protein
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DNA replication
only happens in Interphase
Each new double-stranded helix is made of 1 new strand and 1 old strand
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Semiconservative replication
Each new double-stranded helix is made of 1 new strand and 1 old strand
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Sex cell
- egg and sperm
- 23 chromosomes (called haploid)
- Divide by process of MEIOSIS
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Somatic cell
- All the other cells in our body
- 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) (called diploid)
- Divide by process of MITOSIS
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Interphase
- Cell is NOT diving
- DNA replicates
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Mitotic phase
forms 2 identical cells
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Sister chromatids are held together at a region called the:
Centromere
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the 2 chromosomes that make up each pair are called
Homologous chromosome
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Meiosis consists of how many cell division and how many replication of DNA
Meiosis consists of 2 cell division but only 1 replication of DNA
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Crossing over
Is a factor responsible for genetic variation
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Independent Assortment
is another factor in genetic variation
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Mitosis
- occurs in SOMATIC cells
- the process of dividing the replicated DNA that results in 2 IDENTICAL "daughter" cells
- each with 46 chromosomes
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Meiosis
- occurs only in SEX cells
- divides replicated DNA after crossing over/ independent assortment have occurred
- involves a second division that results in NON-IDENTICAL cells
- each with 23 chromosomes
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Karyotype
the chart with the 23 pairs of chromosomes in order
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Nondisjunction
- occurs when both members of a homologous pair of chromosome go into the same daughter cell in meiosis 1
- or when sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis 2
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Monosomy
- results of nondisjunction
- cell has only 1 copy of a chromosome
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Trisomy
- results of nondisjunction
- cell has 3 copies of a chromosome
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Characteristics of cancer cells
- Lack differentiation- do not contribute to body functioning
- Unlimited ability to divide-uncontrolled growth
- undergo angiogenesis- formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients
- Becomes abnormal gradually
- Form malignant tumors
- Have abnormal morphology
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Carcinogen
anything that can cause cancer, usually by producing mutations in key regions of DNA
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Oncogenes
Specific genes that become active in cancer
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